Démétrius Zambaco Pasha (1832–1913) was an internationally renowned Ottoman-born French dermatologist of Greek origin who is considered the first leprologist of the Orient. A graduate from the Faculty of Medicine in Paris, he practised there until he returned to Istanbul in 1872 and later served as a private physician to the Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II (1842–1918), then Abbas Hilmi Pasha (1874–1944), the last Khedive of Egypt. Dr Zambaco produced numerous publications in a variety of medical subjects including leprosy, syphilis, morphinomania, eunuchs, and medical history. Leprosy, however, was his main field of scientific interest, with nearly 40 studies published and many other communications presented at international medical congresses. Due to his outstanding scientific contributions, Dr Zambaco garnered many accolades including the Cholera Medal of Honour, the Montyon Prize, and Légion d’Honneur from France as well as the honorary title of Pasha, a higher rank in the political and military system, from the Ottoman Empire.
ZambacoDA.Notice biographique sur M. Ph. Ricord, lue à la Société Impériale de Médecine de Constantinople [Biographical note on M. Ph. Ricord, read at the Imperial Society of Medicine of Constantinople]. Constantinople:Imprimerie Zareh, 1890.
6.
ThibiergeG.Nécrologie: Le Dr Zambaco-Pacha [Necrology: Dr Zambaco Pasha. Paris Méd1914;14: 119.
7.
ChanV.Rubens to Picasso: Four centuries of master drawings. Edmonton: University of Alberta, 1995.
8.
MacCarthyF.The last Pre-Raphaelite: Edward Burne-Jones and the Victorian imagination. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012.
9.
MouthonJM.Les Grecs, docteurs en médecine à la Faculté de Paris, au XIXe siècle [The Greeks, medical doctors at the Faculty of Paris in the 19th century]. Châtillon, 2016.
10.
Mavroyéne PachaS.Lettre Adressée à son Excellence le Docteur Zambaco Pacha [Letter addressed to his excellency Doctor Zambaco Pasha]. Constantinople: Imprimerie Mahmoud Bey, 1892.
11.
YüceltenD.Zambako Paşa [Zambaco Pasha]. Dermatopatoloji Dergisi1993;2: 63–64.
12.
YıldırımN.The Usküdar leprosarium. In: A history of healthcare in Istanbul. Istanbul: Ajansfa, 2010, pp.67–69.
13.
UnatEK.Dr. Zambako Paşa üzerine [About Dr Zambaco Pasha. Deri Hastalıkları ve Frengi Arşivi1976;12: 1437–1445.
14.
ZambacoDA.Les lépreux ambulants de Constantinople [The ambulant persons with leprosy of Constantinople]. Paris: Masson et Cie, 1897.
15.
ZambacoDA.La contagion de la lèpre en l’état de la science [The contagion of leprosy in the state of science]. Paris: Masson et Cie, 1907.
16.
Anonymous.Le Dr Zambaco Pacha de Constantinople décédé au Caire [Dr Zambaco Pasha of Constantinople died in Cairo]. Paris Méd1914;14: 105.
17.
ApéryP.La mort du docteur Zambaco Pacha [The death of doctor Zambaco Pasha]. Revue Méd-Pharm1913; 26: 183–186.
18.
ZambacoDA.Les monuments mégalithiques de l’Armorique et leurs sculptures lapidaires [The megalithic monuments of Armorica and their lapidary sculptures]. Paris: Société d’éditions Scientifiques et Littéraire, 1902.
Anonymous. Scientific notes and news. Science1905;22: 887.
21.
OARTPSA (The Ottoman Archives of the Republic of Turkey’s Presidential State Archives). HR.SFR.3 no: 473/43. 18 June 1898 AD.
22.
Société Impériale de Médecine. PrixPrix Zambaco Pacha [Zambaco Pasha Prize]. Gazette Médical d’Orient1912;57: 131–132.
23.
AtabekE.Zambako Pacha. Histoire des Sciences Médicales1969;2: 84–85.
24.
KöşlüA.Zambaco Paşa. In: Türk deri hastaliklari ve frengi bibliyografyasi, 1876-1976 [Bibliography on skin diseases and syphilis in Turkey, 1876-1976]. Istanbul: Hilal Matbaası, 1976, pp.311–313.
25.
ZambacoDADéboutE.Mémoire sur la lupuline [Note on lupulin]. Bulletin Thérapeutique1854;XLVII: 161.
GünergunF.Diseases in Turkey: a preliminary study for the second half of the 19th century. In: KShigehisa (ed.) The imagination of the body and the history of bodily experience. Kyoto: International Research Center for Japanese Studies, 2000, pp.169–191.
28.
ZambacoDA.L’Hérédité de la lèpre [The inheritance of leprosy]. Paris: Masson et Cie, 1908.
29.
Von DüringE.De la contagiosité de la lèpre [Contagiousness of leprosy]. Gazette Médicale d’Orient1890;33: 35–42.
30.
HansenGA.Heredity of leprosy. Archiv f Dermat u Syph1911;CX: 225–232.
31.
ZambacoDA.Voyages chez les lépreux (L’Égypte, la Palestine, les Iles de Mételin, de Chio, Samos, Chypre, Candie, etc.) [Travels among persons with leprosy (Egypt, Palestine, the Islands of Mtylene, Chio, Samos, Cyprus, Candie, etc.)]. Paris: G. Masson, 1891.
32.
LejeuneF.Quand Zambaco Pacha “chassait” le lépreux en France (D’après une correspondance inédite, 1892-1893) [When Zambaco Pasha chased the leper in France (From an unpublished correspondence, 1892-1893)]. Histoire des Sciences Médicales1969;2: 75–83.
33.
Anonymous. Sociétés savantes [Learned societies]. In: La revue médicale française et étrangère. Tome II. Paris: Chez Gabon et Cie; 1859, p.739.
ZambacoDA. L’antiquité de la syphilis [The antiquity of syphilis]. Société Médicale de Paris. Communication 13 novembre 1897.
36.
ZambacoDA.L’antiquité de la syphilis [The antiquity of syphilis]. Constantinople: A. Christidis, 1897.
37.
ZambacoDA.Les eunuques d’aujourd’hui et ceux de jadis [Today’s eunuchs and those of the past]. Paris: Masson et Cie, 1911.
38.
ZambacoDA.L’antiquité de la léprose, de la syphilose et de la tuberculose [The antiquity of leprosy, syphilis and tuberculosis]. Rev Méd-Pharm1911;24: 195–201.
39.
ZambacoDA.La lèpre dans l’antique Egypte (I) [Leprosy in ancient Egypt (I)]. Rev Méd-Pharm1913;26: 63–64.
40.
ZambacoDA.La lèpre dans l’antique Egypte (II) [Leprosy in ancient Egypt (II)]. Rev Méd-Pharm1913;26: 71–75.
41.
ÖmerB, Akalın. S.E. le Dr Zambaco-Pacha. In: Nevsal-i Afiyet [Yearbook of Health]. Istanbul: Alem Matbaasi, 1315 AH [1898 AD], p.146.
AnastassiadouM.Les Grecs d’Istanbul au XIXe siècle: histoire socioculturelle de la communauté de Péra [The Greeks of Istanbul in the 19th century: Sociocultural history of the community of Péra]. Leiden: Brill, 2012.
49.
MuhtarS [Alus].Pembe Maşlahlı Hanım [Lady with Pink Wrapper]. Istanbul: Akşam Kitaphanesi, 1933.
50.
BolayırAE.Ali Ekrem Bolayır’ın Hatıraları [Memoirs of Ali Ekrem Bolayır]. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlıgı Yayınları, 1991.
51.
JeanselmeE.La Lèpre [Leprosy]. Paris: G. Doin et Cie, 1934.
52.
PetersonLWSkinsnesOK.Photographic gallery of contributors of the century. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis1973;41: 156–173.
53.
Piot-BeyJB.Discours aux obsèques de M. Zambaco [Speech at the funeral of Mr. Zambaco]. Bull Acad nat méd. Tome LXX. Paris: Masson, 1913, pp.614–616.
