The Personality,Deafness,and Bad Health of Ludwig Vanc Beethoven

Slater E . The creative personality. In: Roth M Cowie V , eds. Psychiatry, Genetics and Pathography. A Tribute to Eliot Slater. London: Gaskell, 1979: 100–3.

Cooper M . Ludwig van Beethoven. Proc R Soc Med 1971; 64: 497–500.

Wegeler F Ries F . Remembering Beethoven: The Biographical Notes of Franz Wegeler [1765–1848] and Ferdinand Ries [1748–1838]. Trans. Noonan F Bauman F Clark T . London: Deutsch, 1987:68. First published in German in 1838 and later edited by A Kalischer in 1906. Wegeler was a friend in Bonn until Beethoven departed for Vienna in 1792, and again in Vienna from 1794–6. Ries, composer and pianist, studied the piano with Beethoven in Vienna for four years and was devoted to him.

Letter of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) to Karl Friedrich Zelter, dated 2 September 1812, quoted in Leitzmann A. Beethovens Persönliche Aufzeichnungen (no date but ? 1914):148; Cooper M. Beethoven—The Last Decade 1817–1827 (revised edn). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985: 99.

Wegeler F Ries F . (op. cit. ref. 3): 150–1.

Anderson E , ed. The Letters of Beethoven (3 vols). London: Macmillan, 1961.

Köhler K-H Herre G Beck D , eds. Ludwig van Beethovens Konversationshefte, vols 1–9. Leipzig, 1968–88.

von Breuning G . Memories of Beethoven (first published in Vienna in 1874). Trans. Mins H Solomon M Solomon M . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Breuning, the son of one of Beethoven's oldest friends, frequently visited him in his last years.

Larkin E , in an appendix to Cooper M (op. cit. ref. 4), quotes, in English translation, from Forster W. Beethovens Krankheiten und ihre Beurteilung. Wiesbaden, 1956 (Beethoven's postmortem examination report).

Palferman TG . Beethoven: A medical biography. J Med Biog 1993; 1: 35–45.

Larkin E . Beethoven's illness—a likely diagnosis. Proc R Soc Med 1971; 64: 493–6.

Forbes E , ed. Thayer's Life of Beethoven, 2 vols. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1964; revised 1967:87. AW Thayer (1817–1897) was an American by birth and a lawyer by training, who began his Beethoven studies with the aim of making a reliable translation of Schindler's biography of 1840 (see reference 41). Thayer first went to Europe in 1849 to collect material, but his biography of Beethoven, to be published in German with the help of H Deiters, was incomplete in three volumes, only up to 1817, when he died in 1897. With Thayer's papers, Deiters drafted a fourth volume, but died in 1907, leaving H Riemann to complete it and a fifth one, as well as to re-edit the first three, and to publish the biography in five volumes, 1907–1917, reissued 1922–3. An American, H Krehbiel, re-edited Thayer's three volumes and added an account of Beethoven's final years, 1817–1827, based on Thayer's notes, in English, in 1921. Later, Forbes produced a further new version of Thayer's Life, making use of up-to-date Beethoven research, in 1964.

Forbes E , ed. Thayer's Life of Beethoven, 2 vols. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1964; revised 1967:87. AW Thayer (1817–1897) was an American by birth and a lawyer by training, who began his Beethoven studies with the aim of making a reliable translation of Schindler's biography of 1840 (see reference 41). Thayer first went to Europe in 1849 to collect material, but his biography of Beethoven, to be published in German with the help of H Deiters, was incomplete in three volumes, only up to 1817, when he died in 1897. With Thayer's papers, Deiters drafted a fourth volume, but died in 1907, leaving H Riemann to complete it and a fifth one, as well as to re-edit the first three, and to publish the biography in five volumes, 1907–1917, reissued 1922–3. An American, H Krehbiel, re-edited Thayer's three volumes and added an account of Beethoven's final years, 1817–1827, based on Thayer's notes, in English, in 1921. Later, Forbes produced a further new version of Thayer's Life, making use of up-to-date Beethoven research, in 1964: 114–17.

Larkin E (op. cit. ref. 11).

Hamburger M , ed. Beethoven—Letters, Journals and Conversations. London: Jonathan Cape, 1951. Letter: Beethoven to Karl Amenda (1771–1836), 1 June 1801, pp. 37–9.

Hamburger M , ed. Beethoven—Letters, Journals and Conversations. London: Jonathan Cape, 1951. Letter: Beethoven to Karl Amenda (1771–1836), 1 June 1801, pp. 37–9. Letter: Beethoven to Franz Wegeler, 29 June 1801, p. 41.

Beethoven's Das Heiligenstädter Testament. Trans. Cooper B Cooper B , ed. The Beethoven Compendium. London: Thames and Hudson, 1991: 170.

Hamburger M . (op. cit. ref. 15). Letter: Beethoven to Franz Wegeler, 29 June 1801, p. 42.

Larkin E . (op. cit. ref. 9): 440.

Naiken VS . Did Beethoven have Paget's disease of bone? Ann Int Med 1971; 74: 995–9.

Translation of part of Dr Wagner's postmortem report kindly furnished by Dr L Bieder.

Busch W . Anleitung die Krankheiten der Feldhospitäler zu erkennen und zu heilen. Marburg, 1812; Larkin E (op. cit. ref. 9): 442.

Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, 10 January 1821.

Anderson E . (op. cit. ref. 6). Letter: Beethoven to Franz Brentano, 12 November 1821, p. 1059.

Forster W . (op. cit. ref. 9); Larkin E (op. cit. ref. 9): 447–8; Davies PJ. Beethoven's nephropathy and death: Discussion paper. J R Soc Med 1993; 86:159–61.

Mandel EE . Renal medullary necrosis. Am J Med 1952; 13: 322–7.

Ignaz Ritter von Seyfried (1776–1841), a composer, published Ludwig van Beethovens Studien im Generalbasse in Vienna in 1832, and this is quoted by Forbes E (op. cit. ref. 12): 370–1.

Larkin E . (op. cit. ref. 9): 449.

Naiken VS . The afflictions of Beethoven: A general survey. J Albert Einstein Medical Center 1971; 19: 89–93.

Palferman TG . Classical notes: Beethoven's medical history. Variations on a rheumatological theme. J R Soc Med 1990; 83: 640–5.

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Sharma OP . Sarcoidosis—A Clinical Approach. Springfield, IL: CC Thomas, 1975: 65–79.

Sharma OP . Sarcoidosis—A Clinical Approach. Springfield, IL: CC Thomas, 1975: 97–101.

Sharma OP . Beethoven's illness: Whipple's disease rather than sarcoidosis? J R Soc Med 1994; 87: 283–5.

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Anderson E . (op. cit. ref. 6): 3–4. Letter: Beethoven to Dr Joseph Wilhelm von Schaden in Augsburg, 15 September 1787; Larkin E (op. cit. ref. 9): 456.

Newman E . The Unconscious Beethoven—An Essay in Musical Psychiatry (revised edn). London: Gollancz, 1968: 37–44.

Schindler A . Beethoven As I Knew Him. Ed. MacArdle DW . London: Faber & Faber, 1966:386. The first version of the biography by Anton Schindler (1795–1864), who had been a close friend of Beethoven from 1814 to 1827, and his unpaid secretary after 1822, was published in Münster, 1840. It is an important source of information, but evidently unreliable and apparently even dishonest in places. It was translated into English by Ignaz Moscheles in 1841. A second edition came out in 1845, and a third edition, greatly changed, appeared in 1860, which was translated into English in 1966.

Larkin E . (op. cit. ref. 9): 453–5.

Cooper M . (op. cit. ref. 4): 31–3.

Grove G . Beethoven. In: Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5 vols. London: Macmillan, 1880–90: Vol. I, p. 173.

Larkin E . (op. cit. ref. 9): 449–53.

Larkin E . (op. cit. ref. 9): 453.

Martin R . Beethoven's Hair. New York: Broadway Books, 2000:232–5; Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois 60439. Research proves Beethoven suffered from lead poisoning. 11 March 2000, http://www.anl.gov/OPA/whatsnew/beethovenstory.htm.

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Keynes M . Why Samuel Pepys stopped writing his Diary: His dimming eyesight and ill-health. J Med Biog 1997; 5: 25–9.

Tovey D . Beethoven. London: Oxford University Press, 1944: 1. The book was dictated in 1936.

Cooper M . (op. cit. ref. 4): 3–12.

Slater E . (op. cit. ref. 1): 92.

Slater E . (op. cit. ref. 1): 92–3.

Rellstab L . Aus meinem Leben. Berlin, 1861: Vol. 2, p. 224; Forbes E (op. cit. ref. 12): 947.

Forbes E . (op. cit. ref. 12): 947; Slater E (op. cit. ref. 1): 92.

Slater E . (op. cit. ref. 1): 101.

Carl Ludwig Junker, chaplain and composer, in a long letter to Bossier's Mysikalische Correspondenz (Speyer, 23 November 1791), quoted in Forbes E (op. cit. ref. 12): 104–5.

Letters from Franz Wegeler and the Breuning family quoted in Forbes E (op. cit. ref. 12).

The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992: F42 Obsessive-compulsive disorder, pp. 142–5.

Quotation from Johann Friedrich Reichardt (1752–1814), a composer, in 1808. In: Nohl KL. Beethoven nach seinen Zeitgenossen. Berlin, 1877; Larkin E (op. cit. ref. 9): 459.

Excerpt from diary of Dr Karl von Bursy for June 1816, first published in the St Petersburger Zeitung in 1854; Larkin E (op. cit. ref. 11): 459–60.

Kerman J . The Beethoven Quartets. London: Oxford University Press, 1967: 75–82.

Schindler A . (op. cit. ref. 41): 406, 421; Cooper M (op. cit. ref. 4): 125.

Schindler A . (op. cit. ref. 41): 200, 211–12, 236–7.

Anderson E . (op. cit. ref. 6): 3–4. Letter: Beethoven to Dr Joseph Wilhelm von Schaden in Augsburg, 15 September 1787; Larkin E (op. cit. ref. 11): 456.

Slater E . (op. cit. ref. 1): 93.

Bluglass R . Who's psychopathic now? BMJ 1994; 309: 826.

Tyrer P . Personality disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 179: 81–4.

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th edn, revised. Washington, DC: APA, 2000: Antisocial personality disorder, 301.7.

ICD-10 (op. cit. ref. 63): F60, disorders of adult personality and behaviour.