GoodeveHH. Memoir of the late W. Twining, Esq. Trans Med Phys Soc Calcutta1836; 8: 1–41
2.
Lane-PooleS. Twining, William (1790–1835). In: LeeS, Ed. Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1899: vol. 57, pp. 389–90
3.
BalfourA. Some British and American pioneers in tropical medicine and hygiene. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg1925; 19: 189–231
4.
CrawfordDG, Ed. 974. Twining, William. In: Roll of the Indian Medical Service 1615–1930. London: W Thacker & Co., 1930: 86
5.
Lane-PooleS. Twining, Richard (1749–1824). In: LeeS, Ed. Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1899: vol. 57, pp. 387–9
6.
MasonP. The Men Who Ruled India. London: Jonathan Cape, 1985. Richard Colley, Marquis Wellesley (1760–1842) was an outstanding Governor-General of India (1798–1805); he was the eldest brother of the Duke of Wellington, and extended British influence over two-thirds of India
7.
TwiningW. Diseases of the Spleen, particularly … in Bengal, 1828. (See ref. 2)
8.
TwiningW. Clinical Illustrations of the More Important Diseases of Bengal with the Result of an Inquiry into Their Pathology and Treatment. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press, 1832: 705
9.
TwiningW. Clinical Illustrations of the More Important Diseases of Bengal, with the Result of an Inquiry into Their Pathology and Treatment (2 vols) (2nd edn). Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press, 1835: 481438
10.
TwiningW. A Practical Account of the Epidemic Cholera, and of the Treatment Requisite in the Various Modifications of that Disease. London: Parbury, Allen, & Co., 1833: 292
11.
CookGC. Tropical sprue. In: CoxFEG, Ed. The Wellcome Trust Illustrated History of Tropical Diseases. London: Wellcome Trust, 1996: 356–69
12.
CookGC. History of tropical sprue and coeliac disease. In: BynumWB, Ed. Gastroenterology in Britain: Historical Essays. London: Wellcome Trust, 1997: 63–80
13.
BeggC. Sprue and spurious dysentery. J R Army Med Corps1905; 5: 119–31
14.
BeggC. Complications found in chronic cases of sprue. BMJ1907; ii: 1337–8
15.
CookGC. Aetiology and pathogenesis of post-infective tropical malabsorption (tropical sprue). Lancet1984; i: 721–3
16.
CookGC. Tropical sprue: implications of Manson's concept. J R Coll Physicians1978; 12: 329–49
17.
LoganJS. Vincent Ketelaer did not describe tropical or non-tropical sprue or coeliac disease in his book De aphthis nostratibus seu Belgarum sprouw. Ulster Med J1990; 59: 204–5
18.
CookGC. “Tropical sprue”: some early investigators favoured an infective cause, but was a coccidian protozoan involved?Gut1997; 40: 428–9
19.
GibsonME. The identification of kala azar and the discovery of Leishmania donovani. Med Hist1983; 27: 203–13
20.
TwiningW. Observations on diseases of the spleen, particularly on the vascular engorgement of that organ common in Bengal. Trans Med Phys Soc Calcutta1827; 3: 351–412
21.
ScottHH. A History of Tropical Medicine. London: Edward Arnold, 1939: vol. 2, pp. 1033–6
22.
CastellaniAChalmersAJ. Manual of Tropical Medicine (3rd edn). London: Baillière Tindall and Cox, 1919: 1289–91
23.
RogersL. Report of an Investigation of the Epidemic of Malarial Fever in Assam, or Kala-azar. Shillong: Assam Secretariat Printing Office, 1897: 223;
24.
SingerCUnderwoodEA. Leishmaniasis. In: A Short History of Medicine (2nd edn). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962:487–8
25.
TwiningW. Some Account of Cretinism and the Institution for Its Cure, on the Abendberg, near Interlachen, in Switzerland. London: John W Parker, 1843: 40
26.
BaylyCA, Ed. The Raj: India and the British 1600–1947. London: National Portrait Gallery, 1990: 432
27.
JamesL. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire. London: Little, Brown, 1994: 704