The Mozarteum's Skull: A Historical Saga

Dalchow J Duda G Kerner D. Mozarts Tod. 1791–1971. Pähl: Franz von Bebenburg Verlag, 1971: 171

Itfk Arnold Dr Joseph Gall's System des Gehirn- und Schädelbaues. Erfurt: in der Henning'schen Buchhandlung, 1805

Froriep LF . Darstellung der neuen, auf Untersuchungen der Verrichtungen, des Gehirns gegründete Theorie der Physiognomik des Herrn Dr. Gall. Wien, 1802: 38

Kloiber Ä. Kritisches Gutachten über den Schädel von W. A. Mozart. In: Kritscher H Szilvássy J eds. Zur Identifizierung des Mozart schädels. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 1991; 93: 50

Gugitz G. Mozarts Schädel und Dr. Gall. Zeitschrift für Musikwissenschaft 1934; 16: 32–39

Was it Löffler? See Engl JE . Die den Vater überlebende Söhne: Carl und Wolfgang und übrigen Kinder W. A. Mozart's. In: Engl JE. Studien über W. A. Mozart. Salzburg: JE Engl Verlag, 1893: 8

Ibid.: 6–7. Krieg W. Um Mozarts Totenmaske. Ein Beitrag zur Mozartikonographie. Neues Mozart Jahrbuch. Regensburg: G Bosse Verlag, 1943: 134–7. Engl JE. Hyrtl's Mozart-Schädel. I. Die geschichtliche Schilderung. Salzburg: Internationale Stiftung Mozarteum, 1906: 9–10

Dalchow J , (op. cit. ref. 1): 172. Bankl H, Silvássy J. Die Reliquien Mozarts. Totenschädel und Totenmaske. Vienna: Facultas Universitätsverlag, 1992: 23–4

Engl JE (op. cit. ref. 6): 10–11. Dalchow J , (op. cit. ref. 1): 173–4. Bankl H, Silvássy J (op. cit. ref. 8): 24–5

Bankl H Silvássy J (op. cit. ref. 8): 25–6

Westcott R. Correspondence. Monthly Musical Record, 1 March 1892. JBK. Correspondence. Monthly Musical Record, 1 September 1892: 199

Bankl H Silvássy J (op. cit. ref. 8): 24

Gasser RJ , Ed. Der Anatom Joseph Hyrtl 1810–1894. Wien: Verlag Wilhelm Maudrich, 1991

Krieg W. Um Mozarts Totenmaske. Ein Beitrag zur Mozartikonographie. Neues Mozart Jahrbuch. Regensburg: G Bosse Verlag, 1943: 139. Bankl H Silvássy J (op. cit. ref. 8): 26–8. Engl JE. W. A. Mozart's Schädel. In: Engl JE. Studien über Mozart W. A. . Salzburg: JE Engl Verlag, 1893: 7. Kritscher H Szilvássy J (op. cit. ref. 4): 129–30

Bankl H Szilvássy J (op. cit. ref. 8): 11. Hans A. Briellmann Bankl & Johann Szilvássy: die Reliquien Mozarts. Totenschädel und Totenmaske, Book Review. Mozart-Jarhbuch 1994. Salzburg: Internationale Stiftung Mozarteum, 1995: 230

Minnich F. Hyrtl's Mozart-Schädel. II. Die anatomische Beschreibung. Salzburg: Internationale Stiftung Mozarteum, 1906

Engl JE (1906). In: Kritscher H Szilvássy J (op. cit. ref. 4): 8

Anonymous. Noch einmal der Schädel Mozarts. Mitteilungen für die Mozart-Gemeinde in Berlin, 22 October 1904: 466

von Lucam R. Ritter Die Grabesfrage Mozarts. Nach brieflichen Original-Urkunden der Witwe Mozarts selbst. Wien: Joseph Stöckholzer von Hirschfeld, 1856: 17. Deutsch OE . Mozart. A Documentary Biography. London: Simon & Schuster, 1990: 424 563–5. Slonimsky N. The weather at Mozart's funeral. Musical Quarterly 1960; 46: 12–21. Komorzynski E. Mozart und — das Wetter. Wiener Figaro, 28 March 1960

Gugitz G (op. cit. ref. 4): 36

Gruber G. Mozart & Posterity. London: Quartet Books, 1991: 5

Neumayr A. Musik & Medizin. Am Beispiel des Wiener Klassik. Wien: J & V Edition. 1992: 20

Zenger M Deutsch OE . Mozart and His World in Contemporary Pictures (Neue Ausgabe Sämlicher Werke. X, Supplement). Kassel: Bärenreiter, 1987: nos 597b, 368

von Tichy G. Die Schädel Mozart W. A. – ein Mystifikation?. In: Gasser R-J ed. Der Anatom Joseph Gyrtl, 1810–1894. Wien: Verlag Wilhelm Maudrich, 1991: 172

Tichy G. Zur Anthropologie des Genies: Mozarts Schädel. Jahrbuch der Universität Salzburg, 1987: 251–65. Puech PF Puech B Tichy G. Identification of the cranium of W. A. Mozart. Forensic Sci Int 1989; 41: 101–10. Puech PF Puech B Cianparani F Tichy G. Cut marks on the skull of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Anthropologie 1991; 29: 221–4. Puech PF . Mozart identifié. Pour la Science 1989; 138: 8–9. Puech PF . Mozart reconstruit. Pour la Science 1990; 149: 26–7. Puech PF . Forensic scientists uncovering Mozart. J R Soc Med. 1991; 84: 387. Puech PF C'est bien le crâne de Mozart. Science et Vie 1991; 880: 34–7. Puech PF . Mozart une enauěte hors du commun. St Geneviève des Bois: Maison Rhodanienne, 1993

Engl JE (op. cit. ref. 17): 18, 34

Gerassimov M. Ich suchte Gesichter. Schädel erhalten ihr Antlitz zurück. Wissenschaft auf neuen Wegen. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann, 1968

Zenger M Deutsch OE (op. cit. ref. 24): portrait no. 24. Puech PF. Mozart reconstruit (op. cit. ref. 25)

Zenger M Deutsch OE (op. cit. ref. 23): portrait no. 24

Ibid.: portrait no. 12

Ibid.: portrait no. 13

Kritscher H Silvássy J (op. cit. ref. 4): table 44

Bankl H Silvássy J (op. cit. ref. 8): 94

Puech PF Tichy G Puech B. Craniofacial anomalies in W. A. Mozart? Fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 4–8 April 1989. Am J Phys Anthropol 1989; 8: 286. Puech PF Puech B Cianfariani F Albertini H Bottini BM . Dysharmonie dentomaxillaire du crâne de W. A. Mozart. Journal de Médecine Légale-Droit Medical 1989; 32: 293–7. Banerjee AK . The death of Mozart. J R Soc Med. 1990; 83: 414

A premature fusion (a synostosis) affects the shape of the skull and results in a growth failure which is perpendicular to this suture. In such a case, the other cranial sutures manifest a compensatory excess of growth. It consists of a medial supraglabellar prominence of the frontal bone

Osler W. The Principles and Practice of Medicine. New York: Appleton and Company, 1892: 310. Ludewig J Ludewig R. Zur medizinhistorische Bedeutung des letzten Mozart-Porträts. Z Ärztl Fortbild 1992; 86: 297–300

Zenger M Deutsch OE (op. cit. ref. 23): portrait no. 13

The glabella is the eminence of the frontal bone in the midline above the root of the nose and between the eyebrows. The prominent glabellar and supraglabellar protuberance is allegedly visible in the posthumous portrait by Barbara Kraft (portrait no. 26), which bore a strong resemblance to Mozart. The portrait attributed to Pietro Antonio Lorenzi of 1762/3 (portrait no. 1), the watercolour by Louis de Carmontelle (portraits nos 2–4) of 1763, the 1770 portrait of Saverio dalla Rosa (portrait no. 8), and the portrait of 1777 of the Speron d'oro (portrait no. 11) allegedly show a straight vertical forehead, widely separated frontal eminences and a protruding superior jaw. The prominent glabella is not visible on the Posch relief profiles of 1789 (portrait nos 17–19) or on the Rosenthal portrait In: Landon HC Robbins , Ed. The Mozart Compendium. A Guide to Mozart's Life and Music. London: Thames and Hudson, 1990: 113 (other portraits, referenced by number, from Zender M, Deutsch OE, op. cit. ref. 23)

Kritscher H Silvássy J (op. cit. ref. 4): 84–6

Czorny A Richbourg B. Non, Mozart n'était pas porteur d'une trigonocéphalie. Ann Chir Plast Esthét 1992; 37: 321–8. Hauser G Kritscher H. Brief communication: the skull attributed to Mozart — craniosynostosis or not? Am J Phys 1994; 94: 263–8

Kandel SW Havde WA . Mozart dysmorphia craniofacialis metopisme? Medicinsk Forum 1989; 181: 259–63. Kritscher H Silvássy J (op. cit. ref. 4): 84–6

Puech PF . (op. cit. refs 25, 34). Davies PJ. Mozart in Person, his Character and Health. New York: Greenwood Press, 1989: 64. Kritscher H Silvássy J (op. cit. ref. 4): 81–4. Bankl H Silvássy J (op. cit. ref. 8): 52–6

Jamieson KG Yelland JDN . Extradural haematoma. Report of 167 cases. J Neurosurg 1968; 29: 13–23

Morgagni JB . The Seats and Causes of Diseases. London: Millar and Cadell, 1769. Reprint New York: The Classics of Medicine Library, 1983: vol. III, pp. 88–9

Jamieson G Yelland DJN (op. cit. ref. 43): 14

Puech B Puech PF Dhellemmes P Lepoutre F Tichy G. Did Mozart have a chronic extradural haematoma? Injury 1989; 20: 327–30

Briellmann A. Book review: Herbert Kritscher und Johann Szilvássy. Zur Indentifizierung des Mozartschädels. Mozart-Jahrbuch. 1992. Salzburg: Internationale Stiftung Mozarteum, 1993: 168–71. Neumayr (op. cit. ref. 22): 120

Patterson RH . Injuries to the head. In: Beeson PB McDermott W Wyngaarden JB , Eds. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1979: 884

Drake ME . Mozart's chronic subdural hematoma. Neurol 1993; 43: 2400–3. Drake ME . Mozart's subdural hematoma. Neurol 1994; 44: 2418

Kritscher H Silvássy J (op. cit. ref. 4): 85

Ludewig J Ludewig R (op. cit. ref. 36)

Bär C. Mozart Zahnkrankheiten. Acta Mozartiana 1963; 3: 47–54

Kritscher H Silvássy J (op. cit. ref. 4): 129–30

On the right side, three molars, two premolars and a canine; on the left side, two molars, two premolars, and a canine

Bär C (op. cit. ref. 6). Briellmann A (op. cit. ref. 47). Silvássy J H (op. cit. ref. 4): 130

Puech PF (op. cit. ref. 25): 32

Ibid.: 51

Kritscher H Silvássy J (op. cit. ref. 4): 66–9

Ibid.: 126

Patel T. The boy who would be Louis XVII. New Scientist, 15 July 1995: 8

Kritscher H Szilvássy J (op. cit. ref. 4): 66–9. The Mozarteum skull belongs to what anthropologists call the Alpine type, which is characterized by a short skull length i.e. it is brachycephalic, as shown by Kloiber A (op. cit. ref. 4), Czomy A Richowy B (op. cit. ref. 40) and Puech PF , (op. cit. ref. 34): 293. Mozart's father, mother, and sister were all brachycephalic, as shown by Kritscher H, Silvássy J (op. cit. ref. 4): 64, 94

Köhler G. Wie sah Mozart wirklich aus? Kommentar zu einem Versuch. Acta mozartiana 1971; 18: 41–4

Schurig A. Wolfgang Amade Mozart. Sein Leben, seine Persönlichkeit, sein Werk. Leipzig: Insel-Verlag, 1923: 32–3. Zenger M, Deutsch OE (op. cit. ref. 23)

Einstein A. Greatness in Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1941: 471

Bankl H Silvássy J (op. cit. ref. 8): Briellmann A (op. cit. ref. 47): 171. Duda G.W. A. Mozart “Den Göttern gegeben” Ein ‘Bauopfertod’”. Pähl: Verlag Hohe Warte GmbH 1994: 233. Werner AJ. The death of Mozart. J R Soc Med 1996; 89:59