Door supervisors or ‘bouncers’ are charged with privately
policing Britain’s nighttime leisure economy, sometimes using
‘normal’ force to ensure order inside and at the entrances to
urban licensed premises. Using ethnography generated in Southwest Britain, this
article explores the lived realities of legal risk among these predominantly male
workers. As well as empirically charting interrelated factors associated with the
imposition, amplification and avoidance of legal risk, this article supports an
embodied, non dualist approach to socio legal study. Such an approach, in rethinking
unhelpful dichotomies (for example, mind–body, reason–emotion,
victim–oppressor, conformity–deviance,
order–disorder), incorporates the ‘lived body’ and
‘sex specific corporeality’ when exploring legal risk, violence
and society.
Adler, P. A.
and
P. Adler
(1987) Membership Roles in Field Research.
London: SAGE Publications
.
2.
Athens, L.
(1997) Violent Criminal Acts and Actors Revisited.
Chicago: University of Illinois Press
.
3.
Beck, U.
(1992) Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity.
London: SAGE Publications
.
4.
Becker, H.
(1963) Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance.
New York: Free Press
.
5.
Bloor, M.
and
J. McIntosh
(1990) ‘Surveillance and Concealment: A
Comparison of Techniques of Client Resistance in Therapeutic Communities and
Health Visiting’, pp. 159–81
in
S. Cunningham Burley
and
N. McKeganey
(eds) Readings in Medical Sociology.
London: Routledge
.
6.
Bourdieu, P.
(1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of Judgement and
Taste.
London: Routledge
.
7.
Bowker, L.
(ed.) (1998) Masculinities and Violence.
London: SAGE Publications
.
8.
Calvey, D.
(2000) ‘Getting on the Door and Staying There: A
Covert Participant Observational Study of Bouncers’, pp.
43–60 in
G. Lee Treweek
and
S. Linkogle
(eds) Danger in the Field: Risk and Ethics in Social Research.
London: Routledge
.
9.
Campbell, E.
(2004)
‘Police Narrativity in the Risk Society’
, British Journal of Criminology, 44(5).
10.
Cavanagh, K.
,
R. E. Dobash
,
R. P. Dobash
and
R. Lewis
(2001)
‘ “Remedial Work”: Men’s Strategic
Responses to Their Violence against Intimate Female Partners’
, Sociology35(3):
695–714
.
11.
Charmaz, K.
and
R. Mitchell
(2001) ‘Grounded Theory in
Ethnography’, pp. 160–74 in
P. Atkinson
,
A. Coffey
,
S. Delamont
,
J. Lofland
and
L. Lofland
(eds)
Handbook of Ethnography. London: SAGE Publications
.
12.
Chatterton, P.
and
R. Hollands
(2001) Changing our ‘ Toon’: Youth,
Nightlife and Urban Change in Newcastle.
Newcastle: University of Newcastle upon Tyne
.
13.
Collier, R.
(1998) Masculinities, Crime and Criminology.
London: SAGE Publications
.
14.
Connell, R.
(1995) Masculinities.
Cambridge: Polity Press
.
15.
Connell, R.
(2002)
‘On Hegemonic Masculinity and Violence’
, Theoretical Criminology6(1):
89–99
.
16.
Elias, N.
(1939/2000) The Civilizing Process: Sociogenetic and
Psychogenetic Investigations.
Oxford: Blackwell Publishers
.
17.
Emerson, R.
and
S. Messinger
(1977)
‘The Micro Politics of Trouble’
, Social Problems25:
121–34
.
18.
Ferrell, J.
(1995) ‘Style Matters: Criminal Identity and
Social Control’, pp. 169–89
in
J. Ferrell
and
C. Sanders
(eds) Cultural Criminology.
Boston: Northeastern University Press
.
19.
Ferrell, J.
and
M. Hamm
(eds) (1998) Ethnography at the Edge.
Boston: Northeastern University Press
.
20.
Ferrell, J.
and
C. Sanders
(1995) ‘Toward a Cultural
Criminology’, pp. 297–326 in
J. Ferrell
and
C. Sanders
(eds) Cultural Criminology.
Boston: Northeastern University Press
.
21.
Foucault, M.
(1991) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison.
London: Penguin
.
22.
Garland, D.
and
R. Sparks
(2000)
‘Criminology, Social Theory and the Challenge of Our Times’
, British Journal of Criminology40:
189–204
.
23.
Gatens, M.
(1996) Imaginary Bodies.
London: Routledge
.
24.
Giddens, A.
(1991) Modernity and Self Identity: Self and Society in the
Late Modern Age.
Cambridge: Polity Press
.
25.
Gill, M.
(2001)
‘The Craft of Robbers of Cash in Transit Vans: Crime Facilitators
and the Entrepreneurial Approach’
, International Journal of the Sociology of Law29:
277–91
.
26.
Glaser, B.
and
A. Strauss
(1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory.
Chicago: Aldine
.
27.
Goffman, E.
(1959) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.
New York: Doubleday
.
28.
Goffman, E.
(1968) Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled
Identity.
London: Penguin
.
29.
Goffman, E.
(1971) Relations in Public: The Micro Politics of Public
Order.
London: Allen Lane
.
30.
Hammersley, M.
(1992) What’s Wrong with Ethnography?London: Routledge
.
31.
Hobbs, D.
,
P. Hadfield
,
S. Lister
and
S. Winlow
(2002)
‘“Door Lore”: The Art and Economics of Intimidation’
, British Journal of Criminology42:
352–70
.
32.
Hobbs, D.
,
P. Hadfield
,
S. Lister
and
S. Winlow
(2003) Bouncers: Violence and Governance in the Night Time
Economy.
Oxford: Oxford University Press
.
33.
Hobbs, D.
,
S. Lister
,
P. Hadfield
,
S. Winlow
and
S. Hall
(2000)
‘Receiving Shadows: Governance and Liminality in the Night Time Economy’
, British Journal of Sociology51(4):
701–17
.
34.
Hochschild, A.
(1983) The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human
Feeling.
Berkeley: University of California Press
.
35.
Homel, R.
,
S. Tomsen
and
J. Thommeny
(1992)
‘Public Drinking and Violence: Not Just an Alcohol Problem’
, The Journal of Drug Issues22(3):
679–97
.
36.
Hunt, J.
(1996), ‘Normal Force’, pp.
165–76 in
E. Rubington
and
M. Weinberg
(eds) Deviance: The Interactionist Perspective.
Needham Heights, MA: Simon & Schuster
.
Katz, J.
(1988) Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensuous Attractions of
Doing Evil.
New York: Basic Books
.
39.
Katz, J.
(2002)
‘Start Here: Social Ontology and Research Strategy’
, Theoretical Criminology6(3):
255–78
.
40.
Keywood, K.
(2000)
‘My Body and Other Stories: Anorexia Nervosa and the Legal
Politics of Embodiment’
, Social & Legal Studies9(4):
495–513
.
41.
Liebling, A.
and
B. Stanko
(2001)
‘Allegiance and Ambivalence: Some Dilemmas in Researching
Disorder and Violence’
, British Journal of Criminology41:
421–30
.
42.
Lister, S.
,
P. Hadfield
,
D. Hobbs
and
S. Winlow
(2001)
‘Accounting for Bouncers: Occupational Licensing as a Mechanism
for Regulation’
, Criminal Justice1(4):
363–84
.
43.
Lister, S.
,
D. Hobbs
,
S. Hall
and
S. Winlow
(2000)
‘Violence in the Night Time Economy; Bouncers: The Reporting,
Recording and Prosecution of Assaults’
, Policing and Society10:
383–402
.
44.
Lyng, S.
(1990)
‘Edgework: A Social Psychological Analysis of Voluntary Risk Taking’
, American Journal of Sociology95:
887–921
.
45.
Lyng, S.
and
M. Bracey
(1995) ‘Squaring the One Percent: Biker Style
and the Selling of Cultural Resistance’, pp.
235–76 in
J. Ferrell
and
C. Sanders
(eds) Cultural Criminology.
Boston: Northeastern University Press
.
46.
Maffesoli, M.
(1996) The Time of the Tribes: The Decline of Individualism
in Mass Society.
London: SAGE Publications
.
47.
Mason, G.
(2001)
‘Body Maps: Envisaging Homophobia, Violence and Safety’
, Social & Legal Studies10(1):
23–44
.
48.
Maus, M.
(1973)
‘Techniques of the Body’
, Economy and Society2(1):
70–88
.
49.
McClean, L.
(1998) The Guv’nor.
London: Blake Publishing
.
50.
Mellor, P.
and
C. Shilling
(1997) Re forming the Body: Religion, Community and
Modernity.
London: SAGE Publications
.
51.
Messerschmidt, J.
(1999)
‘Making Bodies Matter: Adolescent Masculinities, the Body, and
Varieties of Violence’
, Theoretical Criminology3(2):
197–220
.
52.
Monaghan, L.
(2001) Bodybuilding, Drugs and Risk.
London: Routledge
.
53.
Monaghan, L.
(2002a)
‘Embodying Gender, Work and Organization: Solidarity, Cool
Loyalties and Contested Hierarchy in a Masculinist Occupation’
, Gender, Work & Organization9(5):
504–36
.
54.
Monaghan, L.
(2002b)
‘Regulating “Unruly” Bodies: Work Tasks,
Conflict and Violence in Britain’s Night Time Economy’
, The British Journal of Sociology53(3):
403–29
.
55.
Monaghan, L.
(2002c)
‘Hard Men, Shop Boys and Others: Embodying Competence in a
Masculinist Occupation’
, The Sociological Review50(3):
334–55
.
56.
Monaghan, L.
(2003)
‘Danger on the Doors: Bodily Risk in a Demonised Occupation’
, Health, Risk & Society5(1):
11–31
.
57.
Monaghan, L.
(forthcoming) ‘Fieldwork and the Body: Reflections on
Embodied Ethnography’, in
D. Hobbs
and
R. Wright
(eds) The Sage Handbook of Fieldwork.
London: SAGE Publications
.
58.
Newburn, T.
and
E. Stanko
(eds) (1994) Just Boys Doing Business? Men, Masculinities and
Crime.
London: Routledge
.
59.
Presdee, M.
(2000) Cultural Criminology and the Carnival of Crime,
London: Routledge
.
60.
Schutz, A.
(1970) On Phenomenology and Social Relations.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press
.
61.
Shilling, C.
(2001)
‘Embodiment, Experience and Theory: In Defence of the
Sociological Tradition’
, The Sociological Review49(3):
327–44
.
62.
Simmel, G.
(1903/1997) ‘The Metropolis and Mental
Life’, pp. 174–85 in
D. Frisby
and
M. Featherstone
(eds) Simmel on Culture.
London: SAGE Publications
.
63.
Sumner, C.
(1994) The Sociology of Deviance: An Obituary.
Buckingham: Open University Press
.
64.
Taylor, I.
(1999) Crime in Context: A Critical Criminology of Market
Societies.
Cambridge: Polity Press
.
65.
Thompson, G.
(2000) Watch My Back.
Chichester: Summersdale
.
66.
Tomsen, S.
(1997)
‘A Top Night: Social Protest, Masculinity and the Culture of
Drinking Violence’
, British Journal of Criminology37(1):
90–102
.
67.
Turner, B.
(1992) Regulating Bodies: Essays in Medical Sociology.
London: Routledge
.
68.
Turner, B.
(1998)
‘The Airport Departure Lounge Metaphor: Towards an Ironic Theory
of Communication’
, Australian Journal of Communication25(1):
1–18
.
69.
Vidich, A.
(1955)
‘Participant Observation and the Collection and Interpretation of Data’
, American Journal of Sociology60:
354–60
.
70.
Wacquant, L.
(1995)
‘Pugs at Work: Bodily Capital and Bodily Labour Among
Professional Boxers’
, Body & Society1(1):
65–93
.
71.
Waddington, P.
(1999)
‘Police (Canteen) Sub Culture’
, British Journal of Criminology39(2):
287–309
.
72.
Weaver, A.
and
P. Atkinson
(1994) Micro Computing and Data Analysis.
Aldershot: Avebury
.
73.
Westmarland, L.
(2001) Gender and Policing: Sex, Power and Police
Culture.
Cullompton: Willan Publishing
.
74.
Williams, S.
and
G. Bendelow
(1998) The Lived Body: Sociological Themes, Embodied
Issues.
London: Routledge
.
75.
Winlow, S.
(2001) Badfellas: Crime, Tradition and New
Masculinities.
Oxford: Berg
.
76.
Winlow, S.
,
D. Hobbs
,
S. Lister
and
P. Hadfield
(2001)
‘Get Ready to Duck: Bouncers and the Realities of Ethnographic
Research on Violent Groups’
, British Journal of Criminology41:
536–48
.
