Here, we integrate two influential psychological theories: social-identity theory and self-determination theory. Whereas social-identity theory considers how social identities impact the self, self-determination theory elucidates the psychological necessity of feeling related, competent, and autonomous. In this article, we outline and provide justification for a unified theoretical framework that considers how perceptions of personal relatedness, competence, and autonomy are influenced by perceptions that one’s social group is related, competent, and autonomous.
AmiotC. E.AubinR. M. (2013). Why and how are you attached to your social group? Investigating different forms of social identification. British Journal of Social Psychology, 52, 563–586. doi:10.1111/bjso.12004
2.
AmiotC. E.SansfaçonS. (2011). Motivations to identify with social groups: A look at their positive and negative consequences. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 15, 105–127. doi:10.1037/a0023158
3.
AmiotC. E.SansfaçonS.LouisW. R.YelleM. (2012). Can intergroup behaviors be emitted out of self-determined reasons? Testing the role of group norms and behavioral congruence in the internalization of discrimination and parity behaviors. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 63–76. doi:10.1177/0146167211429804
4.
BanduraA. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122–147. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122
5.
BaumeisterR. F.LearyM. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
6.
BranscombeN. R.SchmittM. T.HarveyR. D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 135–149. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.135
7.
ChirkovV.RyanR. M.KimY.KaplanU. (2003). Differentiating autonomy from individualism and independence: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization of cultural orientations and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 97–110. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.97
8.
DeciE. L.OlafsenA. H.RyanR. M. (2017). Self-determination theory in work organizations: The state of a science. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 19–43. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113108
9.
DownieM.KoestnerR.ChuaS. N. (2007). Political support for self-determination, wealth, and national subjective well-being. Motivation and Emotion, 31, 174–181. doi:10.1007/s11031-007-9070-0
10.
EasterbrookM.VignolesV. L. (2012). Different groups, different motives: Identity motives underlying changes in identification with novel groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1066–1080. doi:10.1177/014616s7212444614
11.
FloreP. C.WichertsJ. M. (2015). Does stereotype threat influence performance of girls in stereotyped domains? A meta-analysis. Journal of School Psychology, 53, 25–44. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2014.10.002
12.
GreenawayK. H.HaslamS. A.CruwysT.BranscombeN. R.YsseldykR.HeldrethC. (2015). From “we” to “me”: Group identification enhances perceived personal control with consequences for health and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109, 53–74. doi:10.1037/pspi0000019
13.
HoggM. A. (2000). Subjective uncertainty reduction through self-categorization: A motivational theory of social identity processes. European Review of Social Psychology, 11, 223–255. doi:10.1080/14792772043000040
14.
HornseyM. J. (2008). Social identity theory and self-categorization theory: A historical review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 204–222. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00066.x
15.
JugertP.GreenawayK. H.BarthM.BüchnerR.EisentrautS.FritscheI. (2016). Collective efficacy increases pro-environmental intentions through increasing self-efficacy. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 48, 12–23. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.08.003
16.
KachanoffF. J.TaylorD. M.CaouetteJ.KhullarT. H.WohlM. J. A. (2019). The chains on all my people are the chains on me: Restrictions to collective autonomy undermine the personal autonomy and psychological well-being of group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 116, 141–165. doi:10.1037/pspp0000177
17.
KachanoffF. J.YsseldykR.TaylorD. M.de la SablonnièreR.CrushJ. (2016). The good, the bad and the central of group identification: Evidence of a U-shaped quadratic relation between in-group affect and identity centrality. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46, 563–580. doi:1002/ejsp.2199
18.
LegaultL.AmiotC. E. (2014). The role of autonomy in intergroup processes: Integrating self-determination theory and intergroup approaches. In WeinsteinN. (Ed.), Human motivation and interpersonal relationships: Theory, research and applications (pp. 159–190). New York, NY: Springer.
19.
NgJ. Y. Y.NtoumanisN.Thøgersen-NtoumaniC.DeciE. L.RyanR. M.DudaJ. L.WilliamsG. C. (2012). Self-determination theory applied to health contexts: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 325–340. doi:10.1177/1745691612447309
20.
OysermanD. (2007). Social identity and self-regulation. In KruglanskiA. W.HigginsE. T. (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (2nd ed., pp. 432–453). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
21.
OysermanD.BybeeD.TerryK. (2006). Possible selves and academic outcomes: How and when possible selves impel action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 188–204. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.188
22.
ParkerP. D.RyanR. M.DuineveldJ. J.BradshawE. L. (2019). Validation of the social identity group need satisfaction and frustration scale. PsyArXiv. doi:10.31234/osf.io/ycbwe
23.
ReeveJ.LeeW. (2014). Students’ classroom engagement produces longitudinal changes in classroom motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 106, 527–540. doi:10.1037/a0034934
24.
RyanR. M.DeciE. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
25.
RyanR. M.DeciE. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
26.
SchmaderT.JohnsM.ForbesC. (2008). An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. Psychological Review, 115, 336–356. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.115.2.336
27.
SchmittM. T.BranscombeN. R.PostmesT.GarciaA. (2014). The consequences of perceived discrimination for psychological well-being: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 921–948. doi:10.1037/a0035754
28.
SedikidesC.GaertnerL.LukeM. A.O’MaraE. M.GebauerJ. E. (2013). A three-tier hierarchy of self-potency: Individual self, relational self, collective self. In OlsonJ. M.ZannaM. P. (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 48, pp. 235–295). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
29.
ShapiroJ. R.NeubergS. L. (2007). From stereotype threat to stereotype threats: Implications of a multi-threat framework for causes, moderators, mediators, consequences, and interventions. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 107–130. doi:10.1177/1088868306294790
30.
ShapiroJ. R.WilliamsA. M.HambarchyanM. (2013). Are all interventions created equal? A multi-threat approach to tailoring stereotype threat interventions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 277–288. doi:10.1037/a0030461
31.
ShnabelN.NadlerA. (2015). The role of agency and morality in reconciliation processes: The perspective of the needs-based model. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24, 477–483. doi:10.1177/0963721415601625
32.
StaubE. (1999). The roots of evil: Social conditions, culture, personality, and basic human needs. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 179–192. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_2
33.
SwainsonB. (2000). Encarta book of quotations. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
34.
TajfelH. (Ed.) (1978). Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
35.
TajfelH.TurnerJ. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In AustinW. G.WorchelS. (Eds.), The psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
36.
TaylorD. M. (2002). The quest for identity: From minority groups to generation Xers. Westport, CT: Praeger.
37.
ThomasE. F.AmiotC. E.LouisW. R.GoddardA. (2017). Collective self-determination: How the agent of help promotes pride, well-being, and support for intergroup helping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43, 662–677. doi:10.1177/0146167217695553
38.
TiessenM.TaylorD. M.KirmayerL. J. (2009). A key individual-to-community link: The impact of perceived collective control on Aboriginal youth well-being. Pimatisiwin, 7, 243–269.
39.
TripathiR.CervoneD.SavaniK. (2018). Are the motivational effects of autonomy-supportive conditions universal? Contrasting results among Indians and Americans. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44, 1287–1301. doi:10.1177/0146167218764663
40.
TurnerJ. C.HoggM. A.OakesP. J.ReicherS. D.WetherellM. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell.
41.
Van PetegemS.SoenensB.VansteenkisteM.BeyersW. (2015). Rebels with a cause? Adolescent defiance from the perspective of reactance theory and self-determination theory. Child Development, 86, 903–918. doi:10.1111/cdev.12355
42.
VerkuytenM.MartinovicB. (2017). Collective psychological ownership and intergroup relations. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12, 1021–1039. doi:10.1177/1745691617706514
43.
VignolesV. L.RegaliaC.ManziC.GolledgeJ.ScabiniE. (2006). Beyond self-esteem: Influence of multiple motives on identity construction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 308–333. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.308
44.
WirthJ. H.WilliamsK. D. (2009). ‘They don’t like our kind’: Consequences of being ostracized while possessing a group membership. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 12, 111–127. doi:10.1177/1368430208098780
45.
YsseldykR.McQuaidR. J.McInnisO. A.AnismanH.MathesonK. (2018). The ties that bind: Ingroup ties are linked with diminished inflammatory immune responses and fewer mental health symptoms through less rumination. PLOS ONE, 13
(4), Article e0195237. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195237