Considerable research supports a fixed link between affect and attentional scope, with positive affect producing a focus on the forest, so to speak, and negative affect producing a focus on the trees. New research, however, reveals greater flexibility in this link than is commonly assumed. Research consistent with the idea that affective feelings merely influence whether people act on briefly dominant tendencies to focus broadly or narrowly is presented. Implications of these new findings for research on affect and attention are discussed.
AndreasonN. J. C.PowersP. S. (1975). Creativity and psychosis: An examination of conceptual style. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 70–73.
2.
BassoM. R.SchefftB. K.RisM. D.DemberW. N. (1996). Mood and global-local visual processing. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2, 249–255.
3.
BissR. K.HasherL. (2011). Delighted and distracted: Positive affect increases priming for irrelevant information. Emotion, 11, 1474–1478.
4.
BrunerJ. S. (1957). Going beyond the information given. In BrunerJ. S.BrunswikE.FestingerL.HeiderF.MuenzingerK. F.OsgoodC. E.RapaportD. (Eds.), Contemporary approaches to cognition (pp. 41–69). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
5.
CloreG. L.HuntsingerJ. R. (2007). How emotion informs judgments and regulates thought. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 393–399.
6.
CloreG. L.HuntsingerJ. R. (2009). How the object of affect guides its impact. Emotion Review, 1, 39–54.
7.
CloreG. L.WyerR. S.DienesB.GasperK.GohmC. L.IsbellL. (2001). Affective Feelings as Feedback: Some Cognitive Consequences. In MartinL. L.CloreG. L. (Eds.). Theories of mood and cognition: A user’s handbook (pp. 27–62). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
8.
DerryberryD.TuckerD. M. (1994). Motivating the focus of attention. In NiedenthalP. M.KitayamaS. (Eds.), The heart’s eye: Emotional influences in perception and attention (pp. 167–196). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
9.
EasterbrookJ. A. (1959). The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychological Review, 66, 183–201.
10.
EriksenC. W.St. JamesJ. D. (1986). Visual attention within and around the field of focal attention: A zoom lens model. Perception & Psychophysics, 40, 225–240.
11.
FiskeS. T.TaylorS. E. (2008). Social cognition: From brains to culture. New York: McGraw-Hill.
12.
FörsterJ. (2012). GLOMO sys: The how and why of global and local processing. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 15–19.
13.
FredricksonB. L. (2004). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 359, 1367–1377.
14.
FredricksonB. L.BraniganC. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoire. Cognition & Emotion, 19, 313–332.
15.
FriedmanR.FörsterJ. (2010). Implicit affective cues and attentional tuning: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 875–893.
16.
FriedmanR.FörsterJ. (2011). Limitations of the motivational intensity model of attentional tuning. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 513–516.
GableP. A.Harmon-JonesE. (2010). The blues broaden, but the nasty narrows: Attentional consequences of negative affects low and high in motivational intensity. Psychological Science, 21, 211–215.
19.
GasperK.CloreG. L. (2002). Attending to the big picture: Mood and global versus local processing of visual information. Psychological Science, 13, 34–40.
20.
Harmon-JonesE.PriceT. F.GableP. A. (2012). The influence of affective states on cognitive broadening/narrowing: Considering the importance of motivational intensity. Social & Personality Psychology Compass, 6, 314–327. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00432.x
21.
HuntsingerJ. R. (2012). Does positive affect broaden and negative affect narrow attentional scope? A new answer to an old question. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 595–600.
22.
HuntsingerJ. R.CloreG. L. (2012). Emotion and social metacognition. In BrinolP.DeMarreeK. (Eds.), Social metacognition (Frontiers of Social Psychology Series) (pp. 199–217). New York: Psychology Press.
23.
HuntsingerJ. R.CloreG. L.Bar-AnanY. (2010). Mood and global-local focus: Priming a local focus reverses the link between mood and global-local processing. Emotion, 10, 722–726.
24.
HuntsingerJ. R.IsbellL. M.CloreG. L. (2012). Affect and cognitive processing: A cognitive malleability account. Manuscript submitted for publication.
25.
IsbellL. M.LairE. C.RovenporD. (2013). Affect-as-information about processing styles: A cognitive malleability approach. Social & Personality Psychology Compass, 7, 93–114.
26.
IsenA. M. (2008). Some ways in which positive affect influences decision making and problem solving. In LewisM.Haviland-JonesJ. (Eds.), Handbook of Emotions (3rd ed., pp. 548–573). New York: Guilford Press.
27.
KimchiR. (1992). Primacy of wholistic processing and global/local paradigms: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 24–38.
28.
KöhlerW. (1929). Gestalt psychology. New York: Liveright.
29.
KuhbandnerC.LichtenfeldS.PekrunR. (2011). Always look on the broad side of life: Happiness increases the breadth of sensory memory. Emotion, 11, 958–964. doi:10.1037/a0024075
30.
MacLeodC.MathewsA. (1988). Anxiety and the allocation of attention to threat. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 40, 653–670.
31.
MartinL. L. (2001). Mood as input: A configural view of mood effects. In MartinL. L.CloreG. L. (Eds.), Theories of mood and cognition: A user’s guidebook (pp. 135–157). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
32.
NavonD. (1977). Forest before trees: The precedence of global features in visual perception. Cognitive Psychology, 9, 353–383.
33.
NavonD. (2003). What does a compound letter tell the psychologist?Acta Psychologica, 114, 273–309.
34.
NeisserU. (1967). Cognitive psychology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
35.
ÖhmanA.FlyktA.EstevesF. (2001). Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131, 466–478.
36.
RoweG.HirshJ. B.AndersonA. K. (2007). Positive affect increase the breadth of attentional selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 104, 383–388.
37.
SchwarzN.CloreG. L. (2007). Feelings and phenomenal experiences. In HigginsE. T.KruglanskiA. (Eds.), Social psychology: A handbook of basic principles (2nd ed., pp. 385–407). New York: Guilford Press.
38.
TamirM.RobinsonM. D. (2007). The happy spotlight: Positive mood and selective attention to rewarding information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1124–1136.