Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful technique for measuring brain activity associated with the performance of different mental tasks. We briefly describe this technique and the images it produces and review methods of analysis that have been applied to fMRI data. Throughout the paper, we illustrate various points on an fMRI dataset.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Kwong KK , Belliveau JW , Chesler DAet al.Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation . Proceedings of the National Academy of Science1992; 8: 95675-95679 .
2.
Williams SCR , Simmons A , Andrew CM , Brammer MJ , Bullmore ET , Rabe-Hesketh S.Brain activation studies using magnetic resonance imaging. In: Bachelard HS ed. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging in neurochemistry. London: Plenum Press , 1997.
3.
Foster MA , Hutchison JMS.NMR imaging - method and applications . Journal of Biomedical Engineering1985; 7: 171-182 .
4.
Cohen MS , Weisskopf RM.Ultra-fast imaging . Magnetic Resonance Imaging1991; 9: 1-37 .
5.
Ogawa S , Lee TM , Kay AR , Tank DW.Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation . Proceedings of the National Academy of Science1990; 87: 9868-9872 .
6.
Fox PT , Raichle ME.Focal physiological uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism during somatosensory stimulation in human subjects . Proceedings National Academy of Science1986; 83: 1140-1144 .
7.
Bullmore ET , Brammer MJ , Williams SCRet al.Statistical methods of estimation and inference for functional MR image analysis . Magnetic Resonance in Medicine1996; 35: 261-277 .
8.
Worsley KJ , Evans AC , Marrett S , Neelin P.A three-dimensional statistical analysis for CBF activation studies in human brain . Journal of Cerebal Blood Flow and Metabolism1992; 12: 900-918 .
9.
Friston KJ , Frith CD , Turner R , Frackowiak RSJ.Characterising evoked haemodynamics with fMRI . Neuro Image1995; 2: 157-165 .
10.
Poline JB , Mazoyer BM.Analysis of individual brain activation maps using hierarchical description and multiscale detection . IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging1994; 13: 702-710 .
11.
Worsley KJ , Wolforth M , Evans AC.Scale space searches for a periodic signal in fMRI data with spatially varying hemodynamic response . In: Proceedings of BrainMap '95 conference. Boston, 1997.
12.
Hajnal JV , Myers R , Oatridge A , Schwieso JE , Young IR , Bydder GM.Artifacts due to stimulus correlated motion in functional imaging of the brain . Magnetic Resonance in Medicine1994; 31: 283-291 .
13.
Hill DLG , Hawkes DJ , Studholme C , Summers PE , Taylor MG.Accurate registration and transformation of temporal image sequences . In: Proceedings of the 2nd conference of the Society of Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 411. San Francisco, 1994: 820-820 .
14.
Brammer MJ , Bullmore ET , Simmons Aet al.Generic brain activation mapping in fMRI - a nonparametric approach . Magnetic Resonance Imaging1997, in press.
15.
Friston KJ , Williams SCR , Howard R , Frackowiak RSJ , Turner R.Movement-related effects in fMRI time series . Magnetic Resonance in Medicine1996; 35: 346-355 .
16.
Bullmore ET , Brammer MJ , Rabe-Hesketh Set al.Methods of diagnosis and treatment of stimulus correlated motion in generic brain activation studies using fMRI . Neuro Image1997; 5: S457-S457 .
17.
Mansfield P , Coxon R , Glover P.Echo planar imaging of the brain at 3 .0 T. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography1994; 18: 339-343 .
18.
Bowtell R , McIntyre DJO , Glover PM , Mansfield P.Correction of geometric distortion in echo planar images . In: Proceedings of the 2nd conference of the Society of Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 411. San Francisco, 1994: 1-37 .
19.
Jezzard P , Balaban RS.Correction for geometric distortion in echo planar images from B0 field variations . Magnetic Resonance in Medicine1995; 34: 65-73 .
20.
Gandhe AJ , Hill DLG , Stundholme Cet al.Combined and 3D rendered multimodal data for planning skull base surgery: a prospective evaluation . Neurosurgery1994; 35: 463-471 .
21.
Bandettini PA , Jesmanowicz A , Wong EC , Hyde JS.Processing strategies for time-course data sets in functional MRI of the brain . Magnetic Resonance in Medicine1993; 30: 161-173 .
22.
Lange N.Tutorial in biostatistics: Statistical approaches to human brain mapping by functional magnetic resonance imaging . Statistics in Medicine1996; 15: 389-428 .
23.
Friston KJ , Jezzard P , Turner R.The analysis of functional MRI time series . Human Brain Mapping1994; 1: 153-171 .
24.
Lange N , Zeger SL.Non-linear Fourier time series analysis for human brain mapping by functional magnetic resonance imaging . Royal Statistical Society A1997; 46: 1-29 .
25.
Klose U , Wildgruber D , Britsch P , Grodd W.Evaluation of fMRI data using pixel specific target functions . Neuro Image1996; S71-S71 .
26.
Brammer MJ , Wright IC , Woodruff PWR , Williams SCR , Simmons A , Bullmore ET.Wavelet analysis of periodic and non-periodic experimental designs in functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain . Neuro Image1997; 5: S479-S479 .
27.
Scarth G , Wenneberg A , Somoriai R , Hindmarsh T , McIntyre M.The utility of fuzzy clustering in identifying diverse activations in fMRI . Neuro Image1996; S89-S89 .
28.
Golay X , Kollias P , Meier D , Valvanis A , Boesiger P.Fuzzy membership vs. probability in cross correlation based fuzzy clustering of fMRI data . Neuro Image1997; 5: S481-S481 .
29.
Ostrum CW.Time series analysis: regression techniques. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage , 1978.
30.
Worsley KJ , Friston KJ.Analysis of fMRI time series revisited - again . Neuro Image1995; 2: 173-181 .
31.
Seber CAF.Linear regression analysis. New York: John Wiley , 1977.
32.
Watson GS.Serial correlation in regression analysis: I . Biometrika1955; 42: 327-341 .
33.
Venables WN , Ripley BD.Modern applied statistics with S-plus. New York: Springer , 1994.
34.
Cochrane D , Orcutt GH.Application of least squares regression to relationships containing autocorrelated error terms . Journal of American Statistical Association1949; 44: 32-32 .
35.
Hibbs DA.Problems of statistical estimation and causal inference in time series regression models. In: Costner HL ed. Sociological methodology 1973-1974. San Francisco, CA: Josey-Bass , 1974: 252-308.
36.
Box GEP , Pierce DA.Distribution of residual autocorrelations in autoregressive integrated moving average time series models . Journal of the American Statistical Association1970; 65: 1509-1526 .
37.
Adler RJ , Hasofer AM.Level crossings for random fields . Annals of Probability1976; 4: 1-12 .
38.
Cao J , Worsley KJ , Liu C , Collins L , Evans AC.New statistical results for the detection of brain structural and functional change using random field theory . Neuro Image1997; 5: S512-S512 .
39.
Worsley KJ.Local maxima and the expected Euler characteristic of excursion sets of ϰ2, F and t fields . Advanced Applied Probability1994; 26: 13-42 .
40.
Holmes AP , Blair RC , Watson JDG , Ford I.Nonparametric analysis of statistic images from functional mapping experiments . Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism1996; 16: 7-22 .
41.
Edgington ES.Randomization tests. New York: Marcel Dekker , 1980.
42.
Manly BJF.Randomization, bootstrap and Monte Carlo methods in biology. London: Chapman & Hall , 1997.
43.
Friston KJ , Worsley KJ , Frakowiak RSJ , Mazziotta JC , Evans AC.Assessing the significance of focal activations using their spatial extent . Human Brain Mapping1994; 1: 210-220 .
44.
Poline JB , Mazoyer BM.Analysis of individual positron emission tomography activation maps by detection of high signal-to-noise pixel clusters . Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism1993; 13: 425-437 .
45.
Forman SD , Cohen JD , Fitzgerald M , Eddy WF , Mintun MA , Noll DC.Improved assessment of significant activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): use of a cluster-size threshold . Magnetic Resonance in Medicine1995; 33: 636-647 .
46.
Poline JB , Mazoyer BM , Evans AC , Friston KJ.Combining spatial extent and peak intensity to test for activations in functional imaging . Neuro Image1997; 5: 83-86 .
47.
Lidberg P , Lindeberg T , Roland P.Analysis of brain activation patterns using a 3D scale-space primal sketch . Neuro Image1997; 5: S393-S393 .
48.
Synchra JJ , Bandettini PA , Bhattacharya N , Lin Q.Synthetic images by subspace transforms I. Principal components images and related filters . Magnetic Resonance Imaging1994; 21: 193-201 .
49.
Bullmore ET , Rabe-Hesketh S , Morris RG , Williams SCR , Gregory L , Gray JA , Brammer MJ.Functional magnetic resonance imaging of a large scale neurocognitive framework . Neuro Image1996; 4: 16-33 .
