Based on empirical research on the emergence of consumerism in Saudi Arabia, this article examines the shifts in the understanding of time that emerge in the competing paradigms of traditional and Islamic time, globalised world time and the individualisation of time in consumer pursuits. While Islamic time still provides the dominant frame for social life in Saudi Arabia, there have been adaptions to global time. While these are relatively unproblematic and technical, both traditional Arab and postmodern consumer times are less compatible, and especially the latter is posing a challenge to both Islamic and traditional timings.
Abdul-MuhminAG (2008) Consumer attitudes towards debt in an Islamic country: Managing a conflict between religious tradition and modernity?International Journal of Consumer Studies32(3): 194–203.
2.
Abu-MannehB (1984) The Naqshbandiyya-Mujaddidiyya in the Ottoman Lands in the early 19th century. Welt des Islams22: 1–36.
3.
AhmedAS (1992) Postmodernism and Islam: Predicament and Promise, London: Routledge.
4.
Akers D (2001) The tribal concept in urban Saudi Arabia. PhD Thesis, Ohio State University, Columbus.
5.
Al-Awaji IM (1971) Bureaucracy and Society in Saudi Arabia. PhD Thesis, University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA.
6.
Aldossry TM (2012) The Emergence of Consumer Culture in Saudi Arabia. PhD Thesis, University of Exeter, Exeter, England.
7.
Al-FahadAH (2005) Ornamental constitutionalism: The Saudi Basic Law of governance. Yale Journal of International Law30: 375–396.
8.
Al-OtaibiAMenoretP (2010) Rebels without a cause? A politics of deviance in Saudi Arabia. In: BayatAHerreraL (eds) Being Young and Being Muslim: New Cultural Politics in the Global South and North, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 77–94.
9.
AltorkiSColeDP (1989) Arabian Oasis City: The Transformation of ‘Unayzah, Austin: University of Texas Press.
10.
AndersonB (2006) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, Revised edition. London: Verso.
11.
BackesN (1997) Reading the shopping mall. Journal of Popular Culture31(3): 1–17.
12.
BayatA (2010) Life as Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
13.
BerkingH (1999) Sociology of Giving, London: SAGE.
14.
BowenJR (2012) A New Anthropology of Islam, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15.
BöweringG (1997) The concept of time in Islam. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society141(1): 55–66.
16.
CampbellC (1987) The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism, Oxford: Blackwell.
17.
ColeDP (1975) Nomads of the Nomads: The Āl Murrah of the Empty Quarter, Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson.
18.
CrossG (1993) Time and Money. The Making of Consumer Culture, London: Routledge.
19.
de Certeau, Michel (1980) L’invention du quotidien 1/Arts de faire, Paris. Union Générale d’Éditions.
20.
DriverFGilbertD (1998) Heart of empire? Landscape, space and performance in imperial London. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space16: 11–28.
21.
EdensDG (1974) The anatomy of the Saudi revolution. International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies5: 50–64.
22.
EdensorT (2006) Reconsidering national temporalities: Institutional times, everyday routines, serial spaces and synchronicities. European Journal of Social Theory9(4): 525–545.
23.
EliasN (1984) Über die Zeit, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
24.
ElmusaSS (1997) ‘Faust without the devil? The interplay of technology and culture in Saudi Arabia. Middle East Journal51(3): 345–357.
25.
EveredEÖ (2012) Rereading Ottoman accounts of Wahhabism as alternative narratives: Ahmed Cevdet Paşa’s historical survey of the movement. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East32(3): 622–632.
26.
FabiettiU (2000) State policies and Bedouin adaptations in Saudi Arabia, 1900–1980. In: MundyMMusallamB (eds) The Transformation of Nomadic Society in the Arab East, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 82–89.
27.
Gazis V (2012) Video gaming: The sociology of a lifeworld. PhD Thesis, University of Exeter, Exeter, England.
28.
GellA (1992) The Anthropology of Time: Cultural Constructions of Temporal Maps and Images, Oxford: Berg.
29.
HalbwachsM (1975) Les Cadres Sociaux de la Mémoire, Paris: Mouton.
30.
HartK (2013) And Then We Work for God: Rural Sunni Islam in Western Turkey, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
31.
JafariASüerdemA (2014) An analysis of material consumption culture in the Muslim world. Marketing Theory12(1): 61–79.
32.
LuckmannT (1991) The constitution of human life in time. In: BenderJWellerbyDE (eds) Chronotypes: The Construction of Time, Stanford, CA: University of Stanford Press, pp. 151–166.
33.
McAuliffe JD (2015) Heart. In: Encyclopaedia of the Qur’ān. Washington, DC: Brill Online.
34.
MosseGL (1996) The Image of Man: The Creation of Modern Masculinity, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
35.
NelsonK (1993) The sound of the divine in daily life. In: BowenDLEarlyEA (eds) Everyday Life in the Muslim Middle East, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 213–217.
36.
NippaA (2006) Art and generosity: Thoughts on the aesthetic perceptions of the ‘Arab’. In: ChattyD (ed.) Nomadic Societies in the Middle East and North Africa: Entering the 21st Century, Leiden: Brill, pp. 539–570.
37.
RojekC (2000) Leisure and the rich today: Veblen’s thesis after a century. Leisure Studies19(1): 1–15.
38.
SimmelG (1908) Soziologie. Untersuchungen über die Formen der Vergesellschaftung, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
39.
SmithA (1848) An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Aberdeen: George Clark and Son.
40.
ThompsonEP (1967) Time, work-discipline, and industrial capitalism. Past and Present38: 56–97.
ÜnsalA (1979) Atatürk’s reforms: Realization of a Utopia by a realist. Turkish Yearbook of International Relations19: 27–57.
43.
VarulMZ (2008) After heroism: Religion vs. consumerism – Preliminaries for an investigation of Protestantism and Islam under consumer culture. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations19(2): 237–255.
44.
VarulMZ (2015) Consumerism as folk religion: Secular transcendence. Studies in Christian Ethics28(4): 447–460.
45.
ZeppIGJr (1997) The New Religious Image of Urban America: The Shopping Mall as Ceremonial Center, Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado.
46.
ZerubavelE (1982) The standardization of time: A sociohistorical perspective. American Journal of Sociology88(1): 1–23.
47.
ZubaidaS (2011) Beyond Islam: A New Understanding of the Middle East, London: I.B. Tauris.
