Drawing on a qualitative study exploring registered nurses' time management in health care institutions in the United Kingdom, this article reports the findings of the research, as far as they relate to the notion of temporal reference frameworks. The research suggests that temporal reference frameworks function to form background expectancies, which are of major influence in the way in which registered nurses manage their time. Temporal reference frameworks are usually implicit, socially constructed and give meaning to nurses' experiences of time. As such, they act to underpin practical knowledge and to function as time controls. Existing at different levels - individual, team and organizational - the article provides a focus as to how the temporal reference frameworks can match and relate with each other, or clash and as such be a source of conflict and tension.
Adam, B.
(1995) Timewatch: The Social Analysis of Time. Cambridge: Polity Press.
2.
Allen, D.
(1997) `The Nursing-Medical Boundary: A Negotiated Order?', Sociology of Health and Illness19(4): 498-520.
3.
Blumenthal, D.
and Epstein, A.M. (1996) `The Role of Physicians in the Future of Quality Management', New England Journal of Medicine355(17): 1328-1331.
4.
Bolton, S.C.
(2001) `Changing Faces; Nurses as Emotional Jugglers', Sociology of Health and Illness23(1): 85-100.
5.
Clarke, M.
(1978) `Getting Through the Work', in R. Dingwall and J. McIntosh (eds) Reading in the Sociology of Nursing. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
6.
Department of Health
(1991) The Patient's Charter. London: DoH.
7.
Department of Health
(1993) The Challenges for Nursing and Midwifery in the 21st Century. The Heathrow Debate. London: DoH.
8.
Department of Health
(1997) The New NHS: Modern and Dependable. London: DoH.
9.
Evers, H.A.
(1981) `Tender Loving Care? Patients and Nurses in Geriatric Wards', in L.A. Copp (ed.) Care of the Ageing, pp. 46-74. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
10.
Fine, G.
(1996) The Culture of Restaurant Work. Berkeley: University of California Press.
11.
Gibson, D.
(1994) `Time for Clients; Temporal Aspects of Community Psychiatric Nursing', Journal of Advanced Nursing20: 110-116.
12.
Giddens, A.
(1987) Social Theory and Modern Sociology. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
13.
Gilligan, C.
, Ward, J.V. and Taylor, J.M. (eds) (1988) Mapping the Moral Domain, a Contribution of Women's Thinking to Psychological Theory and Education. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
14.
Goffman, E.
(1959) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
15.
Goffman, E.
(1974) Frame Analysis. New York: Harper.
16.
Henderson, V.
(1980) `Preserving the Essence of Nursing in a Technological Age', Journal of Advanced Nursing5: 245-260.
17.
Hochschild, A.
(1979) `Emotion Work', American Journal of Sociology95(3): 551-575.
18.
Hochschild, A.
(1997) The Time Blind. New York: Metropolitan Books.
19.
Howie, J.
(1998) `Comment: Do Minutes Count for Quality in the General Practice Consultation', Journal of Health Service Research Policy3(4): 213-214.
20.
Jones, A.R.
(2001) `Time to Think: Temporal Considerations in Nursing Practice and Research', Journal of Advanced Nursing33(2): 150-158.
21.
McNeese-Smith, D.K.
(2001) `Staff Nurse Views of their Productivity and Non-productivity', Health Care Management Review26(2): 7-19.
22.
Melia, K.
(1987) Learning and Working: The Occupational Socialisation of Nurses. London: Tavistock.
23.
Milne, H.A.
and McWilliman, C.L. (1996) `Considering Nursing Resource as “Caring Time”', Journal of Advanced Nursing23(4): 810-819.
24.
Novek, J.
, Yossi, A. and Spiegel, J. (1990) `Mechanisation, the Labour Process and Injury Risks in the Canadian Meat Packing Industry', International Journal of Health Services29(2): 281-296.
25.
Padgett, S.M.
(1998) `Dilemmas of Caring in a Corporate Context: A Critique of Nursing Case Management', Advances in Nursing Science20(4): 1-12.
26.
Paxton, F.
, Howie, J. and Porter, M. (1996) `A Study of Interruption Rates for Practice Nurses and GPs', Nursing Standard10(43): 33-36.
27.
Peters, P.
(1999) `Time Allocation in Times of Structural Transformation', Time & Society8(2): 329-356.
28.
Radwin, L.E.
(1995) `Knowing the Patient: A Process Model of Individualised Interventions', Nursing Research44(6): 364-370.
29.
Reed, J.
and Procter, S. (1995) Practitioner Research and Health Care, the Inside Story. London: Chapman & Hall.
30.
Roth, J.
(1963) Timetables. Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill.
31.
Sbaih, L.C.
(2002) `Meanings of Intermediate: The Practical Use of the Patient's Charter in the Accident and Emergency Department', Social Science and Medicine54: 1345-1355.
32.
Schutz, A.
(1964) `The Well Informed Citizen. An Essay on the Social Distribution of Knowledge', in A. Broderson (ed.) Collected Papers II. The Hague: Nijoff.
33.
Stockwell, F.
(1972) The Unpopular Patient. London: Royal College of Nursing.
34.
Tanner, C.
, Benner, P., Chesla, C. and Gordon, D.R. (1993) `The Phenomenology of Knowing the Patient', Image, Journal of Nursing Scholarship25(4): 273-280.
35.
Toombs, S.K.
(1992) The Meaning of Illness. A Phenomenological Account of the Different Perspectives of Physician and Patient. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
36.
Walsh, K.
(1997) `Encounters, Endings and Temporality in Psychiatric Nursing', Journal of Advanced Nursing25(3): 485-491.
37.
Waterworth, S.
, May, C. and Luker, K.A. (1999) `Clinical Effectiveness and Interrupted Work', Clinical Effectiveness in Nursing3: 163-169.
38.
Yoels, W.C.
and Clair, J.M. (1994) `Never Enough Time. How Medical Residents Manage a Scarce Resource', Journal of Contemporary Ethnography23(2): 185-213.
39.
Zerubavel, E.
(1979) Patterns of Time in Hospital Life. Chicago: University of Chicago.
40.
Zerubavel, E.
(1981) Hidden Rhythms. Schedules and Calendars in Social Life. Chicago: University of Chicago.
41.
Zucchermaglio, C.
and Talamo, A. (2000) `The Social Construction of Work Times. Negotiated and Expected Time', Time & Society9(2/3): 205-222.
