Restricted accessReview articleFirst published online 1997-3
The role of antibodies to DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus— A review and introduction to an international workshop on DNA antibodies held in London,May 1996
Cepellini R. , Polli E., Celada F.A DNA-reacting factor in serum of a patient with lupus erythematosus diffuses. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med1957; 76: 572-574.
2.
Meischer P., Strassie R.New serological methods for the detection of the LE factor. Vox Sanguins1957; 2: 283.
3.
Robbins WC, Holman HR, Deicher H., Kunkel HGComplement fixation with cell nuclei and DNA in lupus erythematosus. Proc Soc Miol Med1957; 96: 575—579.
4.
Seligmann M.Mise en evidence dans le serum des malades atteints de lupus erythmateux disseminé de precipitation avec l'acide desoxyribonucleique . Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences ( Paris) 1957; 245: 243-245.
5.
Cervera R. et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical and immunolgic patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1000 patients. Medicine (Baltimore)1993; 72: 113-124.
6.
Duncan R., McConkey EHHow many proteins are there in a typical mammalian cell?. Clin Chem1982; 28: 749-755.
7.
Gharavi AE, Chu JL, Elkon KBAutoantibodies to intra-cellular proteins in human systemic lupus erythematosus are not due to random polyclonal B cell activation. Arthritis Rheum1988; 11: 1337-1345.
8.
Swaak Ajg, Aarden LA, Statuis van Eps LW, Feltkamp TEW. Anti-dsDNA and complement profiles as prognostic guides in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum1979; 22: 226-235.
9.
Lloyd W., Schur PHImmune complexes, complement and anti-DNA in exacerbations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Medicine (Baltimore)1981; 60: 208-217.
10.
Ter Borg EJ et al. Measurements of increases in anti-double stranded DNA antibody levels as a predictor of disease exacerbation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum1990; 33: 634-643.
11.
Okamura M. et al. Significance of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] for antibodies to double stranded and single stranded DNA in patients with lupus nephritis: correlation with severity of renal histology. Ann Rheum Dis1993; 52: 14-20.
12.
Bootsma H. et al. Prevention of relapses in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet1995; 345: 1595-1599.
13.
Isenberg DA , Garton M., Reichlin MW, Reichlin M.Long term follow up of autoantibody profiles in black female lupus patients and clinical comparison with Caucasian and Asian patients. Brit J Rheum In press.
14.
Koffler D., Schur PH, Kunkel HGImmunological studies concerning the nephritis of systemic lupus erythematosus . J Exp Med1967; 126: 607-624.
15.
Pankewycz OG , Migliorini P., Madaio MPPolreactive autoantibodies are nephritogenic in murine lupus nephritis. J Immunol1987; 139: 3287-3294.
16.
Isenberg DA et al. Detection of cross-reactive anti-DNA antibody idiotypes in the serum of lupus patients and their relatives. Arthritis Rheum1985; 28: 999-1007.
17.
Andrezewski C. et al. Antigen binding diversity and idiotypic cross-reactions among hybridoma antibodies toDNA. 1981; 236: 226-231.
18.
Ravirajan C. et al. Antigen binding diversity of human hybridoma autoantibodies derived from splenocytes of patients with SLE. Lupus1992; 1: 167-174.
19.
Jacob L., Tron F., Bach JF, Louvard D.A monoclonal anti-DNA antibody also binds to cell surface proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1984; 81: 3843-3845.
20.
Naparstek Y. et al. Immunochemical similarities between monoclonal antibacterial Waldenstrom's macroglobulins and monoclonal antiDNA lupus autoantibodies . J Exp Med1985; 161: 1525-1538.
21.
Shoenfeld Y. et al. Production of autoantibodies by human-human hybridomas. J Clin Invest1982; 70: 205-208.
Isenberg DA , Ehrenstein MR, Longhurst C., Kalsi J.The origin, sequence, structure and consequences of developing anti-DNA antibodies - a human perspective. Arthritis Rheum1994; 37: 169-180.
25.
Gilkeson GS , Grudier J., Karounos D., Pisetsky D.Induction of anti-dsDNA antibodies in normal mice by immunization with bacterial DNA. J Immunol1989; 142: 1482-1486.
26.
Gilkeson GS , Bloom DB, Pistesky DS, Clarke SKMolecular characterisation of anti-DNA antibodies induced in normal mice by immunization with bacterial DNA. J Immunol1993; 151: 1353-1364.
27.
Frederiksen K. et al. On the biological origin of anti-double stranded (ds) DNA antibodies: systemic lupus erythematosus-related anti-dsDNA antibodies are induced by polyomavirus BK in lupus-prone (NZB x NZW) F1 hybrids but not in normal mice. Eur J Immunol1994 ; 24: 66-70.
28.
Krishnan MR, Marion TNStructural similarity of antibody variable regions from immune and autoimmune anti-DNA antibodies. J Immunol1993; 150: 4948-4957.
29.
Bell DA, Morrison B., Vanden-Bygaert P.Immunogenic DNA related factors: nucleosomes spontaneously released from normal mouse lymphoid cells stimulate proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis of normal mouse lymphocytes. J Clin Invest1990; 85: 1487-1490.
30.
Ehrenstein MR, Longhurst C., Isenberg DAProduction and isotype switching of monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies from SLE patients. Clin Exp Immunol1993; 92: 39-45.
31.
Gordon C., Blount S., Lunec J., Emery P.Measurement of antibodies to human DNA denatured by reactive oxygen species provides a new and more sensitive test for the diagnosis of SLE (abstract) . Br J Rheum1990; 39: S42.
32.
Emlin W., Neibur J., Kadera R.Accelerated in vitro apoptosis of lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol1994; 152: 3685-3692.
33.
Williams W. , Isenberg DAIdiotypes and autologous anti-idiotypes in human autoimmune disease—some theoretical and practical observations . Autoimmunity1994; 17: 343-352.
34.
Theofilipoulos AN, Dixon FJMurine models of systemic lupus erythematosus . Adv Immunol1985; 37: 269-390.
35.
Datta SK et al. Genetic studies of autoimmunity and retrovirus expression in crosses of New Zealand Black mice. I. Xenotropic virus. J Exp Med1978; 147: 854-871.
36.
Andrews B. et al. Spontaneous murine lupus-like syndromes. Clinical and immunopathological manifestatins in several strains. J Exp Med1978; 148: 1198-1215.
37.
Schiffenbauer J. et al. A unique sequence of the NZW I-E beta chain and its possible contribution to autoimmunity in the (NZB x NZW) F1 mouse. J Exp Med1989; 170: 971-984.
38.
Cohen PL, Eisenberg RA. lpr and gld: single gene models of systemic autoimmunity and lymphoproliferative disease. Ann Rev Immunol1991 ; 9: 243-269.
39.
Bhandoola A. et alg1d and 1pr mice: single gene mutant models for failed self tolerance. Int Rev Immunol1994; 11: 231-244.
40.
Schwartz RHAcquisition of immunolgic self-tolerance. Cell1989; 57: 1079-1081.
41.
Murphy ED, Roths JBAutoimmunity and lymphoproliferation: induction by mutant gene 1pr, and acceleration by male-associated factor in strain BXSB mice. In: Rose NR, Bigazzi PE, Warner NL (eds). Genetic Control of Autoimmune DiseaseElsevier: New York, 1978; pp 207-221.
42.
Cohen PL, Eisenberg RAThe 1pr and g1d genes in systemic autoimmunity: life and death in the Fas lane. Immunol Today1992; 13: 427-428.
43.
Smith CA et al. Antibodies to CD3/T cell receptor complex induce death by apoptosis in immature T cells in thymic culture. Nature1989; 337: 181-184.
44.
Liu Y-J. et al. Mechanism of antigen-driven selection in germinal centres. Nature1989; 342: 929-931.
45.
Kabelitz D. , Phol T., Pechhold K.Activation-induced cell death (apoptosis) of mature peripheral T lymphocytes. Immunol Today1993; 14: 338-339.
46.
Von Boehmer HA.The developmental biology of T lymphocytes . Annu Rev Immunol1986; 6: 309-326.
47.
Watanabe-Fukunaga R. et al. The cDNA structure, expression, and chromosal assignment of the mouse Fas antigen. J Immunol1992; 148: 1274-1279.
48.
Drappa J., Brot N., Elkon KBFas protein is expressed at high levels on CD4 + CD8 + thymocytes and activated mature lymphocytes in normal mice but not in the lupus-prone strain, MRL-lpr/lpr . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1993; 90: 10340-10344.
49.
Miyawaki T. et al. Differential expression of apoptosis-related Fas antigen on lymphocyte subpopulations in human peripheral blood. J Immunol1992; 149: 3753-3758.
50.
Owen-Schaub LB, Yonehara S., Crump III WI, Grim EADNA fragmentation and cell death is selectively triggered in activated human lymphocytes by Fas antigen engagement. Cell Immunol1992; 140: 197-205.
51.
Watanabe-Fukunaga R. et al. Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis. Nature1992; 356: 314-317.
52.
Itoh N. et al. The polypeptide encoded by the cDNA for human cell surface antigen Fas can mediate apoptosis. Cell1991; 66: 233-243.
53.
Nagata S., Suda T.Fas and Fas ligand: lip and g1d mutations. Immunol Today1995; 16: 39-43.
54.
Ravirajan CT et al. An analysis of apoptosis in lymphoid organs and lupus disease in murine systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol1996; 105: 306-312.
55.
Steinberg ADConcepts of pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus . Clin Immunol Immunopathol1992; 63: 19-29.
56.
Sobel ES et al. The abnormal 1pr double negative T cell fails to proliferate in vivo. Clin Immunol Immunopathol1995; 74: 177-184.
57.
Van Houten N., Budd RCLessons from the lpr mouse—T lymphocyte development. Seminars in Immunol1994; 6: 1-2.
58.
Steinberg ADMRL-1pr/1pr disease: theories meet Fas. Seminars in Immunol1994; 55-69.
59.
Rozzo SJ, Eisenberg RA, Cohen PL, Kotzin BLDevelopment of the T cell receptorrepertoire in 1pr mice. Seminars in Immunol1994; 6: 19-26.
60.
Ray S., Diamond B.Generation of a fusion partner to sample the repertoire of splenic B cells destined for apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1994; 91: 5548-5551.
61.
Theofilopoulous AN et al. A comparative immunologic analysis of several murine strains with autoimmune manifestations. Clin Immunol Immunopathol1980; 15: 258-278.
62.
Eisenberg RA et al. The role of B cell abnormalities in systemic autoimmune syndromes of lpr and gld mice. Seminars in Immunol1994; 6: 49-54.
63.
Datta SK et al. Pathogenic anti-DNA antibodies and pathogenic autoantibody-inducing T cells. Immunol Ser1991; 55: 133-153.
64.
Wofsy D., Seaman WEReversal of advanced murine lupus in NZB/ NZW F1 mice by treatment with monoclonal antibody to L3T4. J Immunol1987; 138: 3247-3253.
65.
Prud'Home EJ et al. Identification of a B cell differentiation factor(s) spontaneously produced by proliferating T cells in murine lupus strains of lpr/lpr genotype. J Exp Med1983 ; 157: 730-735.
66.
Gavalchin J. , Datta SKThe NZB and SWR model of lupus nephritis. II. Autoantibodies deposited in renal lesions show a distinctive and restricted idiotypic diversity. J Immunol1987; 138: 138-162.
67.
Papoian R., Pillarisetty R., Talal N.Immunological regulation of spontaneous antibodies to DNA and RNA II. Sequential switch from IgM to IgG in NZB/NZWF1 mice. Immunology1974; 32: 75-88.
68.
Datta SK, Patel H., Berry D.Induction cationic shift in IgG anti-DNA antibodies. Role of T helper cells with classical and noval phenotypes in three murine models of lupus nephritis . J Exp Med1987; 165: 1252-1265.
69.
Gallo GR, Caulin-Glaser T., Lamm MECharge of circulating immune complexes as a factor in glomerular basement localization in mice. J Clin Invest1981; 67: 4209-4218.
70.
Stollar BDNucleic acids as antigens. In Sela M (ed). The AntigensAcademic Press: New York, 1973; pp 1-85.
Madaio MP, Hodder S., Schwartz R., Stollar BDResponsiveness of autoimmune and normal mice to nucleic acid antigens. J Immunol1984; 132: 872-876.
73.
Davis P., Russell AS, Percy JSAntibodies to UV light denatured DNA in SLE. J Rheumatol1976; 3: 375-379.
74.
Lafer EM et al. Antibodies specific for left-handed Z-DNA. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA1981; 78: 3546—3550.
75.
Shlomchik MJ et al. Anti-DNA antibodies from autoimmune mice arise by clonal expansion and somatic mutation. J Exp Med1990; 171: 265-297.
76.
Rekvig OP et al. Molecular analyses of anti-DNA antibodies induced by polyomavirus BK in BALB/c mice. Scand J Immunol1995; 41: 593—602.
77.
Limpanasithikul W., Ray S., Diamond B.Cross-reactive antibodies have protective and pathogenic and pathogenic potential. J Immunol1995; 155: 967-973.
78.
Stetler DA, Jacob STImmunization of rabbits with purified RNA polymerase I induces a distinct population of antibodies against nucleic acids as well as antipolymerase I antibodies, both characteristics of systemic lupus erythematosus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1985; 82: 6779-6789.
79.
Gilkeson GS, Pritchard AJ, Pisetsky DSSpecificity of antiDNA antibodies induced in normal mice by immunization with bacterial DNA. Clin Immunol Immunopath1991 ; 59: 288-300.
80.
Atanassov C. et al. NewZealand white rabbits immunized with RNAcomplexed total histones developed an autoimmune-like response. Clin Exp Immunol1991; 86: 124-133.
81.
Ravirajan CT, Muller S., Katz DR, Isenberg DAEffects of histone and RNA-histone complexes on the disease process of murine SLE. Autoimmunity1995; 21: 117-122.
82.
Desai DD, Krishnan MR, Swindle JT, Marion TNAntigen-specific induction of antibodies against native mammalian DNA in non-autoimmune mice. J Immunol1993; 151: 1614-1626.
Burlingame RW, Rubin RL, Balderas RS, Theofilopoulus ANGenesis and evolution of antichromatin autoantibodies in murine lupus implicates T-dependent immunization with self antigen. J Clin Invest1993; 91: 1687-1696.
85.
Amoura Z. et al. Nucleosome-restricted antibodies are detected before anti-dsDNA and/or antihistone antibodies in serum of MRL-Mp lpr/ lpr and + / + mice, and are present in kidney eluates of lupus mice with proteinuria. Arthritis Rheum1994; 37: 1684-1688.
86.
Mohan C., Adams S., Stanik V., Datta SKNucleosome: a major immunogen for pathogenic autoantibody-inducing T cells of lupus. J Exp Med1993; 177: 1367-1381.
87.
Ehrenstein MR et al. HumanIgG anti-DNA antibodies deposit in kidneys and induce proteinuria in SCID mice. Kidney Int1995; 48: 705-711.
88.
Ravirajan CT et al. Genetic, Structural and Functional properties of a human IgG anti-DNA autoantibody. Submitted.
89.
Wu TT, Kabat EAAn analysis of the sequences of the variable regions of Bence Jones proteins and myeloma light chains and their implications for antibody complementarity . J Exp Med1970; 132: 211—250.
90.
Amzel LM et al. The three-dimensional structure of a combining region-ligand complex of immunoglobulin New at 3.4A resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1974; 71: 1427-1430.
91.
Herron JN et al. An autoantibody to single-stranded DNA: comparison of the three dimensional structures of the unliganded Fab and a deoxynucleotide-Fav complex . Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics1991; 11: 159-175.
92.
Tonegawa S.Somatic generation of antibody diversity. Nature1983; 302: 575-581.
93.
Matsuda F. et al. Structure and physical map of 64 variable segments in the 3' 0.8-megabase region of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. Nature Genetics1993; 3: 88-94.
94.
Cook GP et al. A map of the human immunoglobulin VH locus completed by analysis of the telomeric region of chromosome 14q. Nature Genetics1994; 7: 162-168.
95.
Waisman A. and Mozes E.Variable region sequences of autoantibodies from mice with experimental systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur J Immunol1993; 23: 1566-1573.
96.
Krishnan MR , Marion TNStructural similarity of antibody variable regions from immune and autoimmune anti-DNA antibodies. J Immunol1993; 150: 4948-4957.
97.
Schlomchik M. et al. Anti-DNA antibodies from autoimmune mice arise by clonal expansion and somatic mutation. J Exp Med1990; 171: 265-297.
98.
Foster MH, MacDonald M., Barrett KJ, Madaio MPVH gene analysis of spontaneously activated B cells in adult MRL lpr/lpr mice. J558 bias is not limited to classic lupus antibodies. J Immunol1991; 147: 1504-1511.
99.
Tillman DM, Jou NT, Marion TNBoth IgM and IgG anti-DNA antibody are the products of clonally selective B cell stimulation in (NZB x NZW) F1 mice. J Exp Med1992; 176: 361-380.
100.
Isenberg DA , Ehrenstein MR, Longhurst C., Kalsi JKThe origin, sequence, structure, and consequences of developing anti-DNA antibodies: a human perspective. Arthritis Rheum1994; 37: 169-180.
101.
Winkler TH , Fehr H., Kalden JRAnalysis of immunoglobulin variable region genes from human IgG anti-DNA hybridomas. Eur J Immunol1992; 22: 1719-1728.
102.
Paul E., Iliev AA, Livney A., Diamond B.The Anti-DNA Associated Idiotype 8.12 is Encoded by the VyII Gene Family and Maps to the Vicinity of L Chain CDR 1. J Immunol1992; 149: 3588—3593.
103.
Stevenson FK et al. Utilization of the VH4-21 gene segment by antiDNA antibodies from patients with SLE. J Autoimmunity1993; 6: 809-826.
104.
Ehrenstein MR, Longhurst CM, Latchman DS, Isenberg DASerological and genetic characterization of a human monoclonal immunoglobulin G anti-DNA idiotype. J Clin Invest1994; 93: 1787-1797.
Schroeder HW, Hillson JL, Perimutter RMEarly restriction of the human antibody repertoire . Science1987; 238: 791-793.
107.
Schroeder HW and Wang JYPreferntial utilization of conserved immunoglobulin heavy chain variable gene segments during human fetal life. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1990; 87: 6146-6150.
108.
Dersimonian H., Schwartz RS, Barrett KJ, Stollar BDRelationship of human variable region heavy chain germ-line genes to genes encoding anti-DNA autoantibodies. J Immunol1987; 139: 2496-2501.
109.
Siminovitch KA et al. A human anticardiolipin antibody is encoded by developmentally restricted heavy and light chain variable region genes. Autoimmunity1990; 8: 97-105.
110.
Blanco F. et al. Identification and characterization of a new human DNA reactive monoclonal antibody and a common idiotype, WRI 176 Id β. Lupus1994; 3: 15-24.
111.
Logtenberg T. et al. Autoantibodies encoded by the most JH-proximal human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene. J Exp Med1989; 170: 1347-1355.
Schlomchik MJ et al. The role of clonal selection and somatic mutation in autoimmunity. Nature1987; 328: 805-811.
114.
Stollar D.Molecular analysis of anti-DNA antibodies. FASEB J1994; 8: 337—342.
115.
van Es JH et al. Somatic mutations in the variable region of a human anti-dsDNA autoantibody suggest a role for antigen in the induction of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med1991; 173: 461-470.
116.
Huang C., Stollar BDA majority of human IgH chain cDNA of normal human adult blood lymphocytes resembles cDNA for fetal Ig and natural autoantibodies. J Immunol1993; 151: 5290-5300.
117.
Rioux JD, Zdarsky E., Newkirk MM, Rauch J.Anti-DNA and antiplatelet specificities of SLE-derived autoantibodies: evidence for CDR2H mutations and CDR3H motifs. Mol Immunol1995; 32: 683-696.
118.
Manheimer-Lory A. et al. Molecular characteristics of antibodies bearing an anti-DNA associated idiotype. J Exp Med1991; 174: 1639-1652.
119.
Longhurst C. et al. Analysis of immunoglobulin variable genes of a human IgM anti-myeloperoxidase antibody derived from a patient with vasculitis. Immunology1996; 87: 334-338.
120.
Cairns E., Kwong PC, Misener Vip, Bell DAAnalysis of variable region genes encoding a human anti-DNA antibody of normal origin. J Immunol1989; 143: 685—691.
121.
Radic MZ et al. Residues that mediate DNA binding of autoimmune antibodies. J Immunol1993; 150: 4966-4977.
122.
Katz JB, Limpanasithikul W., Diamond B.Mutational analysis of an autoantibody: differential binding and pathogenicity . J Exp Med1994; 180: 925-932.
123.
Pewzner-Jung Y., Simon T., Eilat D.Structural elements controlling anti-DNA antibody affinity and their relationship to anti-phosphorylcholine activity. J Immunol1996; 156: 3065-3973.
124.
Polymenis M., Stollar BDCritical binding site amino acids of anti-Z-DNA single chain Fv molecules: role of heavy and light chain CDR3 and relationship to autoantibody activity. J Immunol1994; 152: 5318-5329.
Putterman C., Limpanasithikul W., Edelman M., Diamond B.The double edged sword of the immune response. Mutational analysis of a murine anti-pneumococcal, anti-DNA antibody. J Clin Invest1996; 97: 2251-2259.
127.
Swanson PC et al. Ligand recognition by murine anti-DNA autoantibodies. II Genetic analysis and pathogenicity. J Clin Invest1996; 97: 1748-1760.
128.
Ohnishi K. et al. Comparison of pathogenic and non-pathogenic murine antibodies to DNA: antigen binding and structural characteristics. Int Immunol1994; 6: 817-830.
129.
Burlingame RW , Boey ML, Starkebaum G., Rubin RLThe central role of chromatin in autoimmune responses to histones and DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest1994; 94: 182-192.
130.
Diamond B. , Scharff MDSomatic mutation of T15 heavy chain gives rise to an antibody with autoantibody specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1984; 81: 5841-5844.
131.
Amoura Z. et al. Nucleosome-restricted antibodies are detected before anti-dsDNA and/or anti-histone antibodies in serum of MRL-Mp 1pr/ lpr and + / + mice, and are present in kidney eluates of lupus mice with proteinuria. Arthritis Rheum1994; 37: 1684-1688.
132.
Burlinghame RW, Rubin, RL, Balderas RS, Theopoulos ANGenesis and evolution of anti-chromatin autoantibodies in murine lupus implicates T-dependent immunization with self-antigen. J Clin Invest1993; 91: 1687-1696.
133.
Radic MZ, Weigert M.Genetic and structural evidence for antigen selection of anti-DNA antibodies . Ann Rev Immunol1994; 12: 487-520.
134.
Tomlinson IM et al. The imprint of somatic hypermutation on the repertoire of human germline V genes. J Mol Biol1996; 256: 813-817.
135.
Gibson AL et al. Crystallographic characterization of the Fab fragment of a monoclonal anti ss-DNA antibody. Mol Immunol1985; 22: 499-502.
136.
Cygler M., Boodhoo A., Lee JS, Anderson WFCrystallization and structure detemination ofan autoimmune anti poly(dT) immunoglobulin Fab fragment at 3.0A resolution. JBiol Chem1987; 262: 643—648.
137.
Mol CD et al. Structure of an immunoglobulin Fab Fragment specific for triple-stranded DNA. J Biol Chem1994; 269: 3615-3622.
138.
Mol CD, Muir Aks, Lee JS, Anderson WFStructure of an immunoglobulin Fab Fragment Specific for Poly(dG).Poly(dC) . J Biol Chem1994; 269: 3605—3614.
139.
Martin Acr , Cheetham JC, Rees ARMolecular modelling of antibody combining sites. Meth Enz1991; 203: 121-153.
140.
Chothia C. et al. Conformations of immunoglobulin hypervariable regions. Nature (london)1989; 342: 877—883.
141.
Chothia C. et al. Structural repertoire of human VH segments . J Mol Biol1992; 227: 799-817.
142.
Martin Acr , Cheetham JC, Rees ARModelling antibody hypervariable loops: A combined algorithm. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1989; 86: 9268—9272.
143.
Kalsi JK et al. Functional and modelling studies of the binding of human monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies to DNA. Mol Immunol1996 ; 33: 471-483.
144.
Stollar BD , Zon G., Parton RWA recognition site on synthetic helical oligonucleotides for monoclonal anti-native DNA autoantibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1986; 83: 4469-4473.
145.
Eagan MA, Norris JM, Cooper BC, Glick GDStructural patterns in anti-DNA autoantibodies: A molecular modelling study . Bioorgan Chem1995; 23: 482-498.
146.
Barry MM, Mol CD, Anderson WF, Lee JSSequencing and modeling of anti-DNA immunoglobulin Fv domains. Comparison with crystal structures. J Biol Chem1994; 269: 3623-3632.