Guess H., Crump K.Low-dose extrapolation of data from animal carcinogenesis experiments - analysis of a new statistical technique. Math Biosc1976; 32: 15-36.
2.
Anderson EL and the Carcinogen Assessment Group of the US Environmental Protection Agency.Quantitative approaches in use to assess cancer risk. Risk Analysis1983; 3: 277 - 95.
3.
US Environmental Protection Agency.Guidelines for carcinogenic risk assessment. Federal Register1986; 51(185): 33992-4003.
4.
US Environmental Protection Agency.Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. Office of Research and Development. EPA/600/P-92/ 003C. Washington, DC (April, 1996).
5.
Lovell DP, Thomas G.Quantitative risk assessment and the limitations of the linearized multistage model. Human & Experimental Toxicology1996; 15: 87-104.
6.
Albert RECarcinogen risk assessment in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Critical Reviews in Toxicology1994; 24: 75 - 85
7.
National Research Council.Drinking Water and Health. Safe Drinking Water Committee, Assembly of Life Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. 1977.
8.
Crump K., Hoel D., Langley C., Peto R.Fundamental carcinogenic processes and their implications to low dose risk assessment. Cancer Res1976 ; 36: 2973-9.
9.
Peto R.Carcinogenic effects of chronic exposure to very low levels of toxic substances . Environmental Health Perspectives1978; 22: 155-9.
10.
Crump K., Guess H., Deal K.Confidence intervals and tests of hypotheses inferred from animal carcinogenicity data. Biometrics1977 ; 33: 437-51.
11.
Guess H., Crump K.Maximum likelihood estimation of dose-response functions subject to absolutely monotonic constraints. Ann Stat1978 ; 6: 101-11.
12.
Crump K.An improved procedure for low-dose carcinogenic risk assessment from animal data. J Environ Pathol Toxicol1984 ; 5: 339-48.
13.
Crump KS, Crockett P.Improved confidence limits for low-dose carcinogenic risk assessment from animal data. J Hazardous Materials1985; 10: 419-31.
14.
Mantel N., Bryan WRSafety testing of carcinogenic agents. J Nat Cancer Inst1961; 27: 455-70.
15.
Hartley HO, Sielken RLEstimation of 'safe doses' in carcinogenic experiments. Biometrics1977; 33 : 1-30.
16.
Altshuler B.A bayesian approach to assessing population risks from environmental carcinogens . In: AS Whittemore (ed.), Environmental Health: Quantitative Methods. Philadelphia: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 1977.
17.
Cornfield J. , Carlborg FW, Van Ryzin J.Setting tolerance on the basis of mathematical treatment of dose. Proceedings of the First International Toxicology Conference, 1978.
18.
US Environmental Protection Agency.Water quality criteria, request for comments. Federal Register1979; 44 (55): 15926-81.
19.
Armitage P., Doll R.Stochastic models for carcinogenesis. In: Proceedings of the Fourth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability , Vol. 4, 19-38. Berkeley and Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, 1961.
20.
Clewell HJ, Andersen MERisk assessment extrapolations and physiological modelling. Toxicol Ind Health1985; 1 (4): 111-31.
21.
US Environmental Protection Agency.Request for comments on draft report of cross-species scaling factor for cancer risk assessment. Fed Reg1992 ; 57: 24152.
22.
Crump KSMechanisms leading to dose-response models. In: Ricci P, ed. Principles of Health Risk Assessment. Prentice-Hall . pp. 235-277, 1985.
23.
Moolgavkar SHThe multistage theory of carcinogenesis and the age distribution of cancer in man. Journal of the National Cancer Institute1978; 61: 49-52.
24.
Guess H., Crump KSCan we use animal experiments to estimate 'safe' doses for chemical carcinogens? In: Whittemore A, ed. Environmental Health: Quantitative Methods. SIAM: Philadelphia, PA. pp. 13-30, 1977.
25.
Guess H., Crump KS, Peto R.Uncertainty estimates for low-dose extrapolations of animal carcinogenicity data. Cancer Res1977; 37: 3475- 83.
26.
Crump KSStatistical aspects of linear extrapolation. In: Richmond CR, Walsh P, Copenhaver D, eds. Proceedings of the Third Life Sciences Symposium, Health Risk Analysis. Gatlinburg , TN. October, 1980. pp. 381- 392, 1981.
27.
Krewski D. et al. A comparison of statistical methods for low-dose extrapolation utilizing time-to-tumour data. Fund Appl Toxicol1983; 3 : 140-60.
28.
Daffer P., Crump KS, Masterman M.Asymptotic theory for analyzing dose response survival data with application to the low-dose extrapolation problem. Math Biosci1980; 50: 207-30.
Howe RB, Crump KS, Van Landingham C.Global 86: A Computer Program to Extrapolate Quantal Animal Toxicity Data to Low Doses. Prepared for Environmental Protection Agency under Subcontract 2-251U-2745 to Research Triangle Institute, 1986.
31.
Leung HWDevelopment and utilization of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for toxicological applications. J Toxicol Environ Health1991; 32 : 247-67.
32.
Clewell HJ, Andersen MEBiologically motivated models for chemical risk assessment. Health Physics1989; 57 (Suppl. 1): 129-37.
33.
National Research Council.Pharmacokinetics in Risk Assessment. Drinking Water and Health. Volume 8. National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 1987.
34.
Moolgavkar S. , Venzon D.Two-event models for carcinogenesis: incidence curves for childhood and adult tumors. Mathematical Biosciences1979; 47 : 55 - 77.
35.
Moolgavkar S. , Knudson A.Mutation and cancer: a model for human carcinogenesis . Journal of the National Cancer Institute1981; 66 : 1037-52.
36.
Moolgavkar S. , Luebeck G.Two-event model for carcinogenesis: biological, mathematical, and statistical considerations. Risk Analysis1990; 10 : 323-41.
37.
Moolgavkar S., Cross F., Luebeck E., Dagle G.A two-mutation model for radon-induced lung tumors in rats. Radiation Research1990; 121 : 28 - 37.
38.
Moolgavkar S., Luebeck G., Krewski D., Zielinski J.Radon, Cigarette Smoke, and Lung Cancer: A re-analysis of the Colorado Plateau uranium miners' data. Epidemiology1993; 4 : 204-17.
39.
Moolgavkar S. et al.Quantitative analysis of enzyme-altered foci in rat hepatocarcinogenesis experiments I: Single agent regimen. Carcinogenesis1990; 11: 1271-8.
40.
Luebeck E., Moolgavkar S., Buchmann A., Schwarz M.Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls in rat liver: Quantitative analysis of enzyme-altered foci. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol1991; 111: 469-84.
41.
US Environmental Protection Agency.Health Assessment Document for 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds. Office of Research and Development. EPA/600/BP-92/001b . External Review Draft. June, 1994.
42.
Crump KSLimitations of biological models of carcinogenesis for low-dose extrapolation . Risk Analysis1994; 14(6): 883-6.
43.
Crump KSUse of mechanistic models to estimate low dose cancer risks. Risk Analysis1994; 14 (6): 1033-8.
44.
National Research Council.Issues in Risk Assessment. Committee on Risk Assessment Methodology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission of Life Sciences, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1993.
45.
Anderson ME , Mills JJ, Jirtle RJ, Greenlee WFNegative selection in hepatic tumor promotion in relation to cancer risk assessment. Toxicology1995; 102 : 233- 7.
46.
Crump KSA new method for determining allowable daily intakes. Fund Appl Toxicol1984; 4 : 854 - 71.
47.
Allen B., Kimmel C., Kavlock R., Faustman E.Dose-response assessment for development toxicity. II. Comparison of generic benchmark dose estimates with NOAELs. Fund Appl Toxicol1994; 23 : 487-95.
48.
Crump KSCalculation of benchmark doses from continuous data. Risk Anal1995; 15 : 79 - 89.
49.
Usepa.The use of the benchmark dose approach in health risk assessment. EPA/630/R-94/007 . February, 1995.
50.
Crump KS, Clewell HJ, Andersen, MECancer and non-cancer risk assessment should be harmonized. Belle Newsletter1966; (to appear).
