Toxicological Evaluation of a Poisoning Attributed to Ingestion of Malathion Insect Spray and Correlation with in vitro Inhibition of Cholinesterases

Albert A. Selective Toxicity - The Physico-Chemical Basis of Therapy. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1985 .

Gosselin RE , Smith RP , Hodge HC & Braddock JE Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. Baltimore : Williams and Wilkins, 1984.

McBride DK & Kopp DD North Dakota Insect Control Guide. Cooperative Extension Service, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND , 1985.

Loomis TA Essentials of Toxicology. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1978.

Klaassen CD , Amdur MO & Doull J. Toxicology - The Basic Science of Poisons. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986.

Uchida T. , Dauterman WC & O'Brien RD. The metabolism of dimethoate by vertebrate tissues. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1964; 12: 48-52.

Dauterman WC Biological and non-biological modifications of organophosphorus compounds. World Health Organization: Bulletin 1971; 44: 133-50.

Iversen IL , Iversen SD & Snyder SD Biochemistry of Biogenic Amines - Handbook of Psychopharmacology. New York: Plenum Press, 1975.

Sastry Bvr & Sadavongvivad C. Cholinergic system in non-nervous tissues . Pharmacological Reviews 1979; 30: 65-132.

Farago A. Fatal , suicidal malathion poisonings. Archiv für Toxicologie 1967; 23: 11-6.

Morgade C. & Barquet A. Body distribution of malathion and its metabolites in a fatal poisoning by ingestion. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 1982; 10: 321-5.

Namba T. , Greenfield M. & Grob D. Malathion poisoning- a fatal case with cardiac manifestations. Archives of Environmental Health 1970; 21: 533-41.

The Colorimetric Determination of Cholinesterase in Serum or Plasma at 400-440 nm. Sigma Chemical Company - Technical Bulletin No 420, St. Louis, MO, 1980.

Arnason A. & Bjarnason O. Post-mortem changes of human serum esterases - An electrophoretic study. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica - Section A 1972; 80: 841-6.

Luna LG Manual of Histologic Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology . New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company , 1968.

Chaturvedi AK , Rao Ngs & Hurly MP Toxicological findings in a multi-drug death involving propoxyphene, caffeine, phenacetin, acetaminophen and salicylate . Forensic Science International 1983; 23: 255-64.

Chaturvedi AK , Rao NGS & McCoy FE. A multi-chemical death involving caffeine, nicotine and malathion. Forensic Science International 1983; 23: 265-75.

Rao Ngs & Poklis A. Blood alcohol concentrations in drivers apprehended for driving while under the influence of intoxicating liquor in North Dakota. Annual Proceedings of North Dakota Academy of Science 1978 ; 31: 179-85.

Ehresman DJ , Price SM & Lakatua DJ Screening biological samples for underivatized drugs using a splitless injection technique on fused silica capillary column gas chromatography. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 1985; 9: 55-62.

United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare: Food and Drug Administration Pesticide Analytical Manual - Methods Which Detect Multiple Residues, May 1978.

United States Environmental Protection Agency : Manual of Analytical Methods for the Analysis of Pesticides in Humans and Environmental Samples EPA-600/ 8-80-038,1980.

Chaturvedi AK , Rao Ngs & Sastry Bvr. Toxicological and pharmacological evaluation of halogenated choline ethers. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1980; 54: 265-75.

Cochin J. & Daly JW The use of thin layer chromatography for the analysis of drugs: Identification and isolation of phenothiazine tranquilizers and of antihistamines in biological fluids and tissues. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1963; 139: 160-5.

Suzuki O. , Hattori H. & Asano M. Detection of malathion in a victim by gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Zeitschrift für Rechtsmedizin 1985; 94: 137-43.

Lyon J. , Taylor H. & Ackerman B. A case report of intravenous malathion injection with determination of serum half-life. Clinical Toxicology 1987 ; 25: 243-9.

Moffat AC , Jackson JV , Moss MS , Widdop B. & Greenfield ES Clarke's Isolation and Identification of Drugs in Pharmaceuticals, Body Fluids and Post-mortem Material. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1986.

Cravey RH & Baselt RC Introduction of Forensic Toxicology. Davis: Biomedical Publications, 1981.

Winek CL & Shanor SP Toxicology Annual 1974. New York : Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1975.