Visual performance is the combined result of foveal and extrafoveal perception per glimpse and saccadic eye movements. These processes are linked to the contrast metric of visibility as developed by Blackwell. The concept of visibility lobes per glimpse related to foveal visibility levels and simple strategies of ocular scanning provide an operational tool for analysis and design of visual tasks and lighting conditions.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
An analytical model for describing the influence of lighting parameters upon visual performance, CIE Publ. No. 19/2, 1, Paris (1981).
2.
Kohschmieder, H., Theorie der horizontalen Sichtweite, Beitr. zur Phys. der freien Atmosphäre, 12, 33-53, 171-181 (1924).
3.
Meshkov, V.V. and Epaneshnikov, M.M. , Lighting installations, Energy Publ. Moscow (in Russian) ( 1972).
4.
Proceedings of 19th Session, CIE, Kyoto1979, CIE Publ. No. 50, 187-214, Paris (1980).
5.
Berek, M., Zum physiologischen Grundgesetz der Wahrnehmung von Lichtreizen, Zs. f. Instrumentenkunde, Bd 63, Nr. 9, 297-309 (1943).
6.
Overington, I., Vision and acquisition, Pentech Press, London (1976).
7.
Private communications from M. S. Rea, E. Frederiksen, S. Kokoschka and A. B. de Graaff.
Inditsky, B., Analysis of visual performance. (Theoretical and experimental investigation of visual search), Thesis, University of Karlsruhe (1978).
10.
Inditsky, B. and Bodmann, H.W., Quantitative model of visual search, Proceedings 19th Session CIE, Kyoto, 1979, CIE Publ. No. 50, Paris, 197-201 (1980).
11.
Kraiss, K.F. and Schubert, E., Matching image resolution to the eye resolution , SID International Symposium, Lewis Winner, New York (1977).
12.
Ginsburg, A.P. , Visual information processing based on spatial filters constrained by biological data, Thesis, University of Cambridge (1978).
13.
Korn, A. and Paul, D., Beobachterangepasstes Fernbeobachtungssystem mit reduzierter Übertragungsbandbreite, IITB Bericht 9553, Fraunhofer Institut für Informations-und DatenverarbeitungKarlsruhe (1981 ).
14.
Blackwell, H.R., Contrast thresholds of the human eye. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 36, 624-643 (1946).
15.
Blackwell, H.R. and Blackwell , O.M., Population data for 140 normal 20-30 year olds for use in assessing some effects of lighting upon visual performance, IES Jnl (USA), 9, 158-174 (1980).
16.
Voss, M., Aufnahme und Verarbeitung peripherer visueller Information unter dem Aspekt der Beanspruchungsmessung, Dissertation Universität Karlsruhe (1982).
17.
Taylor, J.H. , Contrast thresholds as a function of retinal position and target for the light-adapted eye, Proceedings of the NAS-NRC Vision Committee (1962).
18.
Pöppel, E. and Harvey, L.O., Light difference threshold and subjective brightness in the periphery of the visual field, Psychol. Forschung, 36, 145-161 (1973).
19.
Engel, F.L., Visual conspicuity as an external determinant of eye movement and selective attention, Thesis, Technical UniversityEindhoven (1976).
20.
Widdel, H. and Kaster, J., Eye movement measurements in the assessment and training of visual performance , in: Moraal, J., Kraiss, K. F. (Eds), Manned systems design methods, equipment and applications, 251-270, New York, Plenum Press (1981).
21.
Schumacher, W., Untersuchung der Strategien für den visuellen Suchvorgang eines Fernsehbeobachters bei der Echtzeitaufklärung., IITB Bericht Nr. 9545, Fraunhofer Institut fur Informations—und DatenverarbeitungKarlsruhe (1981).
22.
Saida, S. and Ikeda, M., Useful visual field size for pattern recognition, Perception & Psychophysics, 25, 119-125 (1979).
23.
Korn, A., Visual search, relation between detection performance and visual field size . Proc. of the First European Annual Conference on Human Decision Making and Manual Control, Delft, University , 27-34 (1981).
24.
Ginsburg, A.P. and Evans, D.W., Contrast sensitivity predicts pilots performance in aircraft simulators, Am. Journ. of Optometry & Physiological Optics, 59, 105-109 (1982).
25.
Blackwell, H.R. and Sinton, D.J., Accuracy of steady ocular fixation and speed and accuracy of saccadic eye movements as a function of task visibility level, IES Jnl. (USA), 11, 35-51 (1981).
26.
Ronchi, L.R. , Macci, R., Stefanacci, S., Subclinical breakdown of inter-ocular coordination while reading low contrast printed material. (Report to CIE TC-3.1) Istituto Nationale di Ottica, Firenze (Aug. 1980).
27.
Boyce, P.R., The visual detection lobe and visual inspection, Paper presented at Lux Europa, Granada ( 1981).
28.
Koopman, B.O. , The theory of Search II. Target Detection , Operations Research, 4, 503 (1956).
29.
Krendel, E.S. and Wodinski, J., Visual search in an unstructured visual field , J. Opt. Soc. Am., 50, 562 (1960).
30.
Guth, S.K. and McNelis, J.F., Visual performance: a comparison in terms of detection of presence and discrimination of detail, Ill. Engng., 63, 32-35 (1968).
31.
Kokoschka, S. , Visual performance and character contrast with CRT displays (in preparation).
32.
Economopoulos, I.A., Photometric parameters and visual performance in road lighting, Thesis, University of TechnologyEindhoven (1978).
33.
Muck, E. and Bodmann, H.W., Die Bedeutung des Beleuchtungsniveaus bei praktischer Sehtätigkeit , Lichttechnik, 13, 502-507 (1961).
34.
Roper, V.J. and Howard, E.A., Seeing with motorcar headlamps , Trans. Am. Illum. Engng. Soc., 33, 417 (1938).
35.
Johnson, C.A. , Keltner, J.L., Balestrery , F., Effects of target size and eccentricity on visual detection and resolution. Vision Research, 18, 1217-1222 (1978 ).
36.
Gallagher, V.P., A visibility metric for safe lighting of city streets, Journ. of the Illum. Engng. Soc., 5 (2), 85-90 (1976).
37.
Blackwell, O.M. and Blackwell , H.R., Visual performance data for 156 normal observers of various ages, Journ. of the Ilium. Engng. Soc., 1, 3-13 (1971).
