A review of discharge lamp developments over recent years shows that a reiterative process takes place between advances in fundamental understanding of discharge phenomena and problems revealed as new lamps find practical application. These two aspects of discharge lamp development govern the evolution of new types of lamps and are considered for low pressure sodium lamps, high pressure sodium lamps, fluorescent lamps, high pressure mercury lamps and metal halide lamps. It is apparent that research is as active on well-established types of discharge lamps as on the newer types.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Groth, R., and Kauer, F., Thermal insulation of sodium lamps, Philips tech. Rev., 26, 105 (1965).
2.
Boort, H. J. J. v., and Groth , R., Low-pressure sodium lamps with indium oxide filter, Philips tech. Rev., 29, 17 (1968).
3.
Cayless, M.A. , Production of resonance radiation in discharge tubes of non-circular cross-section, Brit. J. appl. Phys. , 11, 492 (1960).
Bouwknegt, A., and van der Kooi , A.G., An electrode design for low pressure gas discharge lamps, Proc. Int. Conf. on gas discharge, IEELondon, 217 (1970).
12.
Electl. Times, 157, 60 (1969).
13.
British Patent No. 828 015.
14.
Evans, G.S. , and Snyder, P.Z., Performance characteristics of fluorescent lamps utilizing amalgam control of mercury vapour pressure , Illum. Engng, 61, 55 (1966).
15.
Le Mintier, G., Lampes tubulaires fluorescentes fonctionnant á charge et température d'ambiance élevées, Rev, gén. Elect. , 79, 163 (1970).
16.
Hodgkiss, D. , The amalgam lamp, Ltg Res. & Tech., 2,46 (1970).
17.
Eckhardt, K. , and Kuhl, E., Neue Leuchtofflampen fur die Innerraumbeleuchtung , Lichttechnik, 22, 389 (1970).
18.
Barosi, A., Rabusin, E., and Rebaudo, M., High stability mercury dispensers, Proc. Conf. on electron device techniques, IEEE, New York (1970).
19.
Della Porta, P., and Rabusin, E., Mercury release and gettering in fluorescent tubes, Proc. 4th International Symposium on residual gases in electron tubes, Florence, ( 1971).
20.
Hanada, T., Sugiyama, H., and Kobuya, T., Toshiba high colour rendering fluorescent lamps, Toshiba Rev. , 19 (March-April 1968).
21.
British Standard 950: 1967.
22.
Halstead, M.B. , Morley, D.I., Palmer , D.I., and Stainsby , A.G., Colour rendering tolerances in the CIE system, Ltg Res. & Tech., 3,99 ( 1971).
23.
Meyer, H.J.G. , Ahsmann, G., van der Laarse , J.W., and van derWee, E. H. A. M., A new class of low pressure arc columns with positive V-I characteristics , Philips Res. Rep., 22, 209 (1967).
24.
Rogoff, G.L. , Numerical calculation of radial density distribution and particle depletion in a low pressure positive column, Proc. 10th Int. Conf. on phenomena in ionized gases, 126, Oxford (1971).
25.
Nelson, E.H. , New developments in high pressure discharge lamps, Proc. Instn elect. Engrs., 113, 668 (1966 ).
26.
Miles, E.E. , High pressure sodium lamps, Light Ltg, 62, 77 (1969).
27.
Williams, C.E. , Circuits for starting high pressure sodium lamps, J. Sci. Tech., 37, 35 (1970).
28.
Schmidt, K., Radiation characteristics of high pressure alkali metal discharges , Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on phenomena in ionized gases, Paris, 3, 323 (1963).
29.
Schmidt, K., Parameters of the high pressure sodium discharge column, Proc. 7th Int. Conf. on phenomena in ionized gases, Belgrade , 1, 654 (1965).
30.
Cayless, M.A. , Resonance radiation from high pressure alkali-metal vapour discharges, Proc. 7th Int. Conf. on phenomena in ionized gases, Belgrade, 1, 651 (1965).
31.
Teh-Sen Jen , Hoyaux, M.F., and Frost, L.S., A new spectroscopic method of high pressure arc diagnostics, J. Quant. Spect. and Rad. Trans., 9, 487 (1969).
32.
Lowke, J.J. , A relaxation method of calculating arc temperature profiles applied to discharges in sodium vapour, J. Quant. Spect. and Rad. Trans., 9, 839 (1969).
33.
Ozaki, N., Temperature distribution of the highpressure sodium vapour discharge plasma , J. Quant. Spect. and Rad. Trans., 11, 1111 (1971 ).
34.
Chamberlain, P.F.W., Nelson, E.H., and Swift, J.D., The measurement of the radial temperature distribution in a high pressure sodium vapour arc, Proc. 10th Int. Conf. on phenomena in ionized gases, Oxford, 3. 2. 3., 18 (1971).
Elenbaas, W., The high pressure mercury vapour discharge, North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam ( 1951).
37.
Le Grand, Y., Light, colour and vision, Chapman and Hall Ltd , London (1968).
38.
Francis, V.J. , and Stevens, W.R., The high pressure mercury vapour discharge and its applications, Proc. Instn elect. Engrs. , 94 (II), 423 (1947).
39.
Reiling, G.H., US Patent 3 234 421.
40.
Leo Mori et al., A newly developed lamp with maximum colour rendering property , Toshiba I. Rev., (32), 44 (1967).
41.
Reiling, G.H. , Characteristics of mercury vapour-metallic iodide arc lamps, J. opt. Soc. Am., 54, 532 (1964).
42.
Dobrusskin, A., Metal halide lamps with rare earth additives , Ltg Res. & Tech., 3, 125 (1971).
43.
Speros, D.M. , et al, Light output characteristics from tin chloride discharges, Illum. Engng, 65, 641 (1970).
44.
Ishler, W.E. , and Smialek, L.J., Metallic vapour mercury: design parameters and improved lamp performance, Paper 10, Illuminating Engineering Society National Technical Conference, Minneapolis (1966).
45.
Waymouth, J.F. , et al., Sodium loss processes in metal iodide arc lamps, Illum. Engng, 62, 214 (1967).
46.
Franke, A., et al., Reignition characteristics of metal halide lamps and their effect on ballast design, Illum. Engng, 62, 204 (1967).
47.
Beeson, E.J. , and Scott, K., New metal halide discharge lamps and their uses, Light Ltg, 63, 146 (1970).
48.
Beijer, L.B. , Jacobs, C. A. J. j and Tol, T., The iodide discharge lamp, Philips tech.Rev.,29, 353 (1968).