The effect of aqueous extract of Securidaca longepedunculata root on redox homeostasis in male rat liver and kidney was investigated. Rats were grouped into four: A, B, C and D, where A (the control) received orally 1 mL of distilled water; B, C and D (test groups) received orally 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight of the extract, respectively, for 28 days. Extract administration significantly reduced (p < .05) alkaline phosphatase activity in the liver and kidney with corresponding increases in the serum. Acid phosphatase activity increased significantly (p < .05) in the liver and kidney, while there was no significant change (p > .05) in the serum acid phosphatase activity. There was also significant decrease (p < .05) in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the liver and kidney. Liver and kidney levels of GSH, vitamins C and E were also significantly reduced (p < .05). Serum malonidialdehyde and lipid hydroperoxide increased significantly (p < .05) in all the extract-treated groups. The available data from this study revealed that aqueous extract of S. longepedunculata root exerted its toxicity in the animals by depleting the antioxidant systems. This may consequently expose the cells and cellular macromolecules to oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species generated either from the metabolism of the extract or other in vivo means.
Yakubu MT, Akanji MA, Oladiji ATMale sexual dysfunction and methods used in assessing medicinal plants with aphrodisiac potentials. Pharmacog Rev2007 ; 1: 39-46.
2.
Pousset JLMedicinal plants used as a source of raw material for the pharmaceutical industry, problems and prospects. In: Drug production from natural products. Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium, DRPU, OAU, Ife, Nigeria, 1988, pp.37-41.
3.
Winkleman M. , Dobkin de Rios M.Psychoactive properties of kung bushmen medicinal plants. J. Psychoactive Drugs1989; 21: 51-59.
4.
Neuwinger HDAfrican ethnobotany, poisons and drugschemistry, pharmocology, toxicologyLondon, UK: Chapman and Hall, 1996, pp.743-753.
5.
Van Wyk BE , Gericke N.A guide to useful plants of southern Africa . Pretoria, South Africa: Briza Publications, 2000.
6.
Ojewole Jao.Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic effects of Securidaca longepedunculata (Fresen.) [Polygalaceae] root-bark aqueous extract. Inflammopharmacol2008; 15: 174-181.
7.
Msonthi JDThe status of medicinal plant research and traditional medicine in malaria . In: A Sofowora (ed.) The state of medicinal plants research in Nigeria. Ibadan : University Press, 1986 , pp. 335-349.
8.
Akinniyi JA , Manawadu D., Sultanbawa M.Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology of Nigerian medicinal plants research and traditional medicine in malaria. In: A Sofowora (ed.) State of medicinal plants research in Nigeria, Ibadan: University Press, 1996, pp.35-349.
9.
Wannang NN, Wudil AM, Dapar Lmp, Bichi LAEvaluation of anti-snake venom activity of the aqueous root extract of Securidaca longepedunculata in rats. J Pharm Bio Res2005; 2: 80-83.
10.
Ekpendu TO, Anyago P., Itywgh D., Akpan F.Niegrian ethnomedicine and medicinal plant flora; The Benue experience - Part 3. Nig J Nat Prod Med2000; 4: 13-22.
11.
Van Wyk BE, Van Quadshoom B., Gericke N.Medicinal Plants of South Africa. 1st ed. Pretoria, South Africa: Briza Publication , 1997, p.236.
12.
Dapar Lpm, Aguiyi CJ, Wannang NN, Gyang SS, Tanko MNThe histopathologic effects of Securidaca longepedunculata on heart, liver, kidney and lungs of rats. Afr J Biotech2007 ; 6: 591-595.
13.
Etuk EU, Adebiyi RA, Elsa AT, Agaie BMAcute and subchronic (28) oral toxicity studies of the aqueous root extract of Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen (Polygyalaceace) in mice. Intl J Pharmacol2006; 2: 421-425.
14.
Nih.Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. NIH Publication1985; 83: 127-138.
15.
WHO.Basic OECD Principles of GLP. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: www.who.int/tdrold/publications/pdf/pr15/info.pdf (access August 2009).
16.
Akanji MA, Ngaha EOEffect of repeated administration of berenil on urinary excretion with corresponding tissue pattern in rats. Pharmacol Toxicol1989; 64: 272-275.
17.
Hillmann G.Acid phosphatase. Z Klin Chem Klin Biochem1971; 9: 273.
18.
German Society for Clinical Chemistry.Recommendations of the German society for clinical chemistry. Z Kim Chem KIm Biochem1970; 8: 659.
19.
Misra HP, Fridovich I.The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem1972; 247: 3170-3175.
20.
Beers RF Jr. , Sizer IWA spectrophotmetric method for measuring breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. J Biol Chem1952; 195: 133-140.
21.
Rotruck JT, Pope AL, Ganther HF, Swason ABSelenium: biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase . Science1973; 179: 588-590.
22.
Mavis RD, Stellwagen E.Purification and subunit structure of glutathione reductase from bakers’ yeast. J Biol Chem1968; 243: 809-814.
Omaye ST, Turbull TP, Sauberchich HCSelected methods for determination of ascorbic acid in cells, tissues and fluids. Methods Enzymol1979; 6: 3-11.
25.
Desai IDVitamin E analysis method for animal tissues. Methods Enzymol1984; 105: 138-143.
26.
Gornall AC, Bardawill CJ, David MMDetermination of serum protein by means of biuret reaction. J Biol Chem1949; 177: 751-756.
27.
Buege JA, Aust SDMicrosomal lipid peroxidation. Meth Enzymol1978; 52: 302-310.
28.
Malomo SOToxicological implication of ciftriaxone administration in rats. NJBMB2000; 15: 33-38.
29.
Akanji MAA comparative biochemical study of the interaction of some trypanosides with rat tissue cellular system. PhD Thesis, University of Ife , Ile-Ife, Nigeria, 1986 .
30.
Wills DEEvaluation of lipid peroxidation of lipids and biological membranes . In K Snell, B Mullak (eds.) Biochemical toxicology: a pratical approach . Oxford: IRL. Press, 1985.
31.
Shahjahan M. , Sabitha KE, Mallika J., Shyamala-Devi CSEffect of Solanum trilobatum against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic damage in albino rats. Indian J Med Res2004; 120: 194-198.
32.
Akanji MA, Olagoke OA, Oloyede OBEffect of chronic consumption of metabisulphite on the integrity of rat cellular system. Toxicol1993; 81: 173-179.
33.
Malbica JO, Hart LGEffect of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and some anti-inflammatory agents on purified lysosomal fraction having high acid phosphatase and labile glucuronidase activity. Biochem Pharmacol1971; 20: 2017-2026.
Yakubu MT, Olatunji IK, Akanji MAComparative effects of administration of halofantrine hydrochloride and dihydroartemisinin on some enzymes of selected rat tissues. NISEB J2002; 2: 175-180.
36.
Anandakumar P., Kamaraj S., Jagan S., Ramakrishnan G., Devaki T.Lysosomal abnormalities during benzo(a)pyrene-induced experimental lung carcinogenesis - defensive role of capsaicin. Fund Clin Pharmacol2009 ; 23: 97-103.
37.
Butterwort PJ, Moss DWThe effect of urea on human kidney alkaline phosphatase. Biochem J1966; 99: 9-10.
38.
Akanji MA, Nafiu MO, Yakubu MTEnzyme activities and histopathology of selected tissues in rats treated with potassium bromate. Afr J Biomed Res. 2008; 11: 87-95.
39.
Sinha M., Manna P., Sil PCProtective effect of arjunolic acid against arsenic-induced oxidative stress in mouse brain. J Biochem Mol Toxicol2008 ; 22: 15-26.
40.
Yen G., Duh P.Scavenging effect of methanolic extract of peanut hulls on free radical and active oxygen species. J Agric Food Chem1994 ; 42: 629-632.
Ray G., Husain SAOxidants, antioxidants and carcinogenesis. Indian J Exp Biol2002; 40: 1213-1232.
43.
Banmeyer I. , Marchand C., Clippe A., Knoops B.Human mitochondrial peroxiredoxin 5 protects from mitochondrial DNA damages induced by hydrogen peroxide. FEBS Lett2005 ; 579: 2327-2333.
44.
Kozer E., Evans S., Bar J., et al. Glutathione, glutathione-dependent enzymes and antioxidant status in erythrocytes from children treated with high-dose paracetamol. Br J Clin Pharmacol2003; 55: 234-240.
45.
Pesh-Imam M. , Recknagel ROLipid peroxidation and the concept of anti-oxygenic potential; Vitamin E change in acute experimental CCl4, and ethanol induced liver injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol1977; 42: 463-475.
46.
Ahluwalia P. , Tewari K., Choudhary P.Studies on the effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on oxidative stress in erythrocytes of adult male mice. Toxicol Lett1996; 84: 161-165.
47.
Kon K., Kim JS, Jaeschke H., Lemasters JJMitochondrial permeability transition in acetaminophen-induced necrotic and apoptotic cell death to cultured mouse hepatocytes. Hepatol2004; 40: 1170-1179.
48.
Reid AB, Kurten RC, McCullough SS, Brock RW, Hinson JAMechanisms of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity: role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial permeability transition in freshly isolated mouse hepatocytes . J Pharmacol Exp Ther2005; 312: 509-516.
49.
Gujral JS, Knight TR, Farhood A., Bajt ML, Jaeschke H.Mode of cell death after acetaminophen overdose in mice: apoptosis or oncotic necrosis?Toxicol Sci2002; 67: 322-328.
