Throughout the long eruption history of the Santorini volcano, the Cape Riva/Y-2 and Minoan/Z-2 eruptions had a profound impact on the environment. The Minoan eruptions also had a significant impact on society. These two tephras, as well as the Y-2 tephra individually, have been recorded for the first time in a lacustrine area in western Anatolia. This study examines the geochemical properties of Y-2 (23 cm) and Z-2 tephra layers (19 cm; 14 cm pure and 5 cm mixed) from 18 m sediment cores in Lake Yayla (Denizli-Buldan). Additionally, high-resolution µXRF, fossil pollen, charcoal, and dating analyses were conducted on the cores to determine the chronologies and environmental effects of the tephra layers. Fossil pollen findings show consistent forest and steppe/grassland vegetation before and after the Z-2 tephra, with the forest impact lasting for 240 years after the eruption. Increased aquatic vegetation and changes in specific taxa (e.g. Pinus sp. and Amaranthaceae increased, while Quercus deciduous, Olea europaea, and cereals decreased) were observed following the Minoan eruption. Charcoal analysis indicates heightened fire activity post-Minoan eruption, while XRF data reveal no associated climatic change. At the same time, no correlation has been identified between the Cape Riva eruption and ecological changes (climate, vegetation, and fire activity). Contribution to dating the tephra was provided by radiocarbon dating from the lowest part of the tephra layer (17,684 ± 63 years BP). This study sheds light on the extensive impacts of the Y-2 and Z-2 tephra eruptions, focusing on their dating, geochemistry, environmental effects, tephra transport directions, and thicknesses. It demonstrates the presence of a significant geological event for the settlements in the Büyük Menderes Valley.
AksuAEJennerGHiscottRN, et al. (2008) Occurrence, stratigraphy and geochemistry of Late Quaternary tephra layers in the Aegean Sea and the Marmara Sea. Marine Geology252(3–4): 174–192.
2.
AllenJRMHuntleyB (2018) Effects of tephra falls on vegetation: A Late-Quaternary record from southern Italy. Journal of Ecology106(6): 2456–2472.
3.
AmmannCMMeehlGAWashingtonWM, et al. (2003) A monthly and latitudinally varying volcanic forcing dataset in simulations of 20th century climate. Geophysical Research Letters30(12): 0–4.
4.
AthanassasCDBourlèsDLBraucherR, et al. (2016) Evidence from cosmic ray exposure (CRE) dating for the existence of a pre-Minoan caldera on Santorini, Greece. Bulletin of Volcanology78(5): 35.
5.
AticiGSchmittAKFriedrichsB, et al. (2019) Ages and glass compositions for paired large-volume eruptions from the acigöl volcanic complex, Cappadocia (Turkey). Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews (2): 167–178.
6.
Avnaim-KatavSAlmogi-LabinASchneider-MorA, et al. (2019) A multi-proxy shallow marine record for Mid-to-Late Holocene climate variability, Thera eruptions and cultural change in the Eastern Mediterranean. Quaternary Science Reviews204: 133–148.
7.
AydarEÇierAErsoyO, et al. (2021) Volcanic ash and tsunami record of the Minoan Late Bronze Age eruption (Santorini) in a distal setting, southwestern Turkey. Journal of Quaternary Science36(4): 586–597.
8.
AyrisPMDelmelleP (2012) The immediate environmental effects of tephra emission. Bulletin of Volcanology74(9): 1905–1936.
9.
BaigJGavinDG (2023) Postglacial vegetation and fire history with a high-resolution analysis of tephra impacts, high Cascade Range, Oregon, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews303: 107970.
10.
BirksHJBLotterAF (1994) The impact of the Laacher See Volcano (11 000 yr B.P.) on terrestrial vegetation and diatoms. Journal of Paleolimnology11(3): 313–322.
11.
BottemaSSarpakiA (2003) Environmental change in Crete: A 9000-year record of holocene vegetation history and the effect of the santorini eruption. Holocene13(5): 733–749.
12.
BriffaKRJonesPDSchweingruberFH, et al. (1998) Influence of volcanic eruptions on northern hemisphere summer temperature over the past 600 years. Nature393(6684): 450–455.
13.
Bronk RamseyC (2021) OxCal Program v4.4.4. University of Oxford, Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit. Available at: https://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/oxcal/OxCal.html (accessed 15August2024).
14.
Bronk RamseyCAlbertPGBlockleySPE, et al. (2015) Improved age estimates for key Late Quaternary European tephra horizons in the RESET lattice. Quaternary Science Reviews118: 18–32.
15.
BruinsHJKellerJKlügelA, et al. (2019) Tephra in caves: Distal deposits of the Minoan Santorini eruption and the Campanian super-eruption. Quaternary International499: 135–147.
16.
BruinsHJMacGillivrayJASynolakisCE, et al. (2008) Geoarchaeological tsunami deposits at Palaikastro (Crete) and the Late Minoan IA eruption of Santorini. Journal of Archaeological Science35(1): 191–212.
17.
BruinsHJvan der PlichtJAlexander MacGillivrayJ (2009) The minoan santorini eruption and tsunami deposits in palaikastro (CRETE): Dating by geology, archaeology, 14C, and egyptian chronology. Radiocarbon51(2): 397–411.
18.
BurnettAPSoreghanMJScholzCA, et al. (2011) Tropical East African climate change and its relation to global climate: A record from Lake Tanganyika, Tropical East Africa, over the past 90+ kyr. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology303(1–4): 155–167.
19.
ÇağatayMNErişKRyanWBF, et al. (2009) Late pleistocene–Holocene evolution of the northern shelf of the Sea of Marmara. Marine Geology265(3–4): 87–100.
20.
ÇağatayMNGörürNAlganO, et al. (2000) Late glacial–Holocene palaeoceanography of the Sea of Marmara: Timing of connections with the Mediterranean and the Black Seas. Marine Geology167(3–4): 191–206.
21.
ÇağatayMNGörürNPoloniaA, et al. (2003) Sea-level changes and depositional environments in the İzmit Gulf, eastern Marmara Sea, during the late glacial–Holocene period. Marine Geology202(3–4): 159–173.
22.
ÇağatayMNWulfSSancar, et al. (2015) The tephra record from the sea of marmara for the last ca. 70 ka and its palaeoceanographic implications. Marine Geology361: 96–110.
23.
CarrilloUDíaz-VillanuevaV (2021) Impacts of volcanic eruptions and early recovery in freshwater environments and organisms. Biological Reviews96(6): 2546–2560.
24.
ClarkJSPattersonWA (1997) Background and local charcoal in sediments: Scales of fire evidence in the Paleorecord. In: ClarkJSCachierHGoldammerJG, et al. (eds) Sediment Records of Biomass Burning and Global Change. Berlin: NATO ASI Series, Springer, pp.23–48.
25.
ÇobanHTopuzGRodenMF, et al. (2019) 40Ar-39Ar dating and petrology of monzonite ejecta in tephra from Quaternary Gölcük volcano (Isparta, SW Turkey): Tear-related contrasting metasomatic symptoms in extensional mantle-derived magmas. Lithos330–331: 160–176.
26.
CroudaceIRothwellR (2010) Micro-XRF sediment core scanners: important new tools for the environmental and earth sciences. Spectroscopy Europe22(3): 6–13.
27.
CroudaceIWLöwemarkLTjallingiiR, et al. (2019a) Current perspectives on the capabilities of high resolution XRF core scanners. Quaternary International514: 5–15.
28.
CroudaceIWLöwemarkLTjallingiiR, et al. (2019b) High resolution XRF core scanners: A key tool for the environmental and palaeoclimate sciences. Quaternary International514: 1–4.
29.
CroudaceIWRindbyARothwellRG (2006) ITRAX: Description and evaluation of a new multi-function X-ray core scanner. Geological Society Special Publication267(1): 51–63.
30.
ÇubukçuHEUlusoyİAydarE, et al. (2012) Mt. Nemrut volcano (Eastern Turkey): Temporal petrological evolution. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research209-210: 33–60.
31.
DaviesSJLambHFRobertsSJ (2015) Micro-XRF studies of sediment cores. In: CroudaceIWRothwellRG (eds) Micro-XRF Studies of Sediment Cores. Dordrecht: Springer, pp.670–675. Available at: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-017-9849-5 (accessed 15 August 2024).
32.
DenizKKadioğluYK (2016) Assimilation and fractional crystallization of foid-bearing alkaline rocks:Buzlukdağ intrusives, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences25(4): 341–366.
33.
DenizKKadioğluYK (2019) Investigation of feldspar raw material potential of alkali feldspar granites and alkali feldspar syenites within central Anatolia. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration158: 265–289.
34.
DoğanM (2022) Son Buzul Maksimumu’ndan Günümüze Yayla Gölü (Büyük Menderes-Denizli) Ve Çevresinin Paleoekolojisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi. Isparta.
35.
DoğanTİlkmenEKulakF (2023) TÜBİTAK 1MV accelerator mass spectrometer designed for 14C, 10Be, 26Al, 41Ca, 129I. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration172: 81–91.
36.
DruittTH (2014) New insights into the initiation and venting of the Bronze-Age eruption of Santorini (Greece), from component analysis. Bulletin of Volcanology76(2): 1–21.
37.
DruittTHEdwardsLMellorsRM, et al. (1999) Volcano, Santorini. London: Geological Society, p.19.
38.
DruittTHMcCoyFWVougioukalakisGE (2019) The late bronze age eruption of Santorini volcano and its impact on the ancient Mediterranean world. Elements15(3): 185–190.
39.
DruittTHMellorsRAPyleDM, et al. (1989) Explosive volcanism on Santorini, Greece. Geological Magazine126(2): 95–126.
40.
DruittTHMercierMFlorentinL, et al. (2016) Magma storage and extraction associated with plinian and interplinian activity at Santorini Caldera (Greece). Journal of Petrology57(3): 461–494.
41.
EastwoodWJ (1997) The Palaeoecological Record of Holocene Environmental Change in Southwest Turkey. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
42.
EastwoodWJPearceNJGWestgateJA, et al. (1999) Geochemistry of Santorini tephra in lake sediments from southwest Turkey. Global and Planetary Change21(1–3): 17–29.
43.
EastwoodWJTibbyJRobertsN, et al. (2002) The environmental impact of the Minoan eruption of Santorini (Thera): statistical analysis of palaeoecological data from golbisar, southwest turkey. Holocene12(4): 431–444.
44.
EdwardsKJDugmoreAJBlackfordJJ (2004) Vegetational response to tephra deposition and land-use change in Iceland: A modern analogue and multiple working hypothesis approach to tephropalynology. Polar Record40(2): 113–120.
45.
EjarqueAMirasYRieraS (2011) Pollen and non-pollen palynomorph indicators of vegetation and highland grazing activities obtained from modern surface and dung datasets in the eastern Pyrenees. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology167(1–2): 123–139.
46.
Elitok ÖzgürNDrüppelK, et al. (2010) Origin and geodynamic evolution of late Cenozoic potassium-rich volcanism in the Isparta area, southwestern Turkey. International Geology Review52(4–6): 454–504.
47.
Emre DumanTYÖzalpS, et al. (2013) Açıklamalı Türkiye Diri Fay Haritası Ölçek 1:1.250.000. Özel Yayın Serisi-30. Ankara: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü.
48.
ErdtmanG (1960) The acetolysis method: a revised description. Svensk Bot Tidskr54(2): 561–564.
49.
ErdtmanGErdtmanH (1933) The improvement of pollen-analysis technique. Svensk Bot Tidskr27(2): 347–357.
50.
ErişKKÖnSAÇağatayMN, et al. (2018) Late Pleistocene to holocene paleoenvironmental evolution of Lake Hazar, Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Quaternary International486: 4–16.
51.
FabbroGNDruittTHScailletS (2013) Evolution of the crustal magma plumbing system during the build-up to the 22-ka caldera-forming eruption of Santorini (Greece). Bulletin of Volcanology75(12): 1–22.
52.
FægriKIversenJ (1975) Textbook of Pollen Analysis. New York, NY: Hafner Press.
53.
FriedrichsBSchindlbeck-BeloJCDanišíkM, et al. (2020) New insights into source and dispersal of Mediterranean S1 tephra, an early Holocene marker horizon erupted at Mt. Erciyes (Turkey). Quaternary Science Reviews249: 106606. DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106606.
54.
FriedrichW (2013) The Minoan Eruption of Santorini around 1613 BC and its consequences - 1600 Cultural Change in the shadow of the Thera-Eruption?Tagungen Des Landesmuseums fur Vorgeschichte Halle9(6130): 37–48.
55.
FriedrichWLKromerBFriedrichM, et al. (2006) Santorini eruption radiocarbon dated to 1627-1600 B.C. Science312(5773): 548.
56.
GrimmE (2015) Tilia Software. Illinois State Museum, Springfield.
57.
HammerCUClausenHBFriedrichWL, et al. (1987) The Minoan eruption of Santorini in Greece dated to 1645 bc?Nature328(6130): 517–519.
58.
HickmanMReasonerMA (1994) Diatom responses to late Quaternary vegetation and climate change, and to deposition of two tephras in an alpine and a sub-alpine lake in Yoho National Park, British Columbia. Journal of Paleolimnology11(2): 173–188.
59.
HorrocksMOgdenJ (1998) The effects of the Taupo Tephra eruption of c. 1718 BP on the vegetation of Mt Hauhungatahi, central North Island, New Zealand. Journal of Biogeography25(4): 649–660.
60.
HotesSPoschlodPTakahashiH, et al. (2004) Effects of tephra deposition on mire vegetation: A field experiment in Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Ecology92(4): 624–634.
61.
HughesPDMMallonGBrownA, et al. (2013) The impact of high tephra loading on late-Holocene carbon accumulation and vegetation succession in peatland communities. Quaternary Science Reviews67: 160–175.
62.
IrvineTNBaragarWRA (1971) A Guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences8(5): 523–548.
63.
IversenJ (1941) Land Occupation in Denmark’s Stone Age, vol. II. Danm: Geologiske Undersøgelse, p.66.
64.
JohnstonENSparksRSJPhillipsJC, et al. (2014) Revised estimates for the volume of the late bronze age minoan eruption, santorini, Greece. Journal of the Geological Society171(4): 583–590.
65.
KarakhanianADjrbashianRTrifonovV, et al. (2002) Holocene-historical volcanism and active faults as natural risk factors for Armenia and adjacent countries. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research113(1-2): 319–344.
66.
KarátsonDGertisserRTelbiszT, et al. (2018) Towards reconstruction of the lost Late Bronze Age intra-caldera island of Santorini, Greece. Scientific Reports8(1): 7026–7028.
67.
KarátsonDTelbiszTGertisserR, et al. (2020) Constraining the landscape of Late Bronze Age Santorini prior to the Minoan eruption: Insights from volcanological, geomorphological and archaeological findings. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research401: 106911. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106911.
68.
KarstensJPreineJCareyS, et al. (2023a) Formation of undulating seafloor bedforms during the Minoan eruption and their implications for eruption dynamics and slope stability at Santorini. Earth and Planetary Science Letters616: 118215.
69.
KarstensJPreineJCrutchleyGJ, et al. (2023b) Revised Minoan eruption volume as benchmark for large volcanic eruptions. Nature Communications14(1): 1–10.
70.
KazancıNBoyrazSÖzkulM, et al. (2012) Late Holocene terrestrial tephra record at western Anatolia, Turkey: Possible evidence of an explosive eruption outside Santorini in the eastern Mediterranean. Global and Planetary Change80-81: 36–50.
71.
KutterolfSFreundtADruittTH, et al. (2021a) The medial offshore record of explosive volcanism along the central to Eastern Aegean volcanic arc: 2. Tephra ages and volumes, eruption magnitudes and marine sedimentation rate variations. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems22(12): 1–31.
72.
KutterolfSFreundtAHansteenTH, et al. (2021b) The medial offshore record of explosive volcanism along the central to Eastern Aegean volcanic arc: 1. Tephrostratigraphic correlations. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems22: e2021GC010010. DOI: 10.1029/2021GC010010.
73.
KwiecienOArzHWLamyF, et al. (2008) Estimated reservoir ages of the black sea since the last glacial. Radiocarbon50(1): 99–118.
74.
Le BasMLe MaitreRStreckeisenA, et al. (1986) A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkali-silica diagram. Journal of Petrology27(3): 745–750.
75.
LeeSRamseyCBHardimanM (2013) Modeling the age of the Cape Riva (Y-2) tephra. Radiocarbon55(2): 741–747.
76.
LeesCMNeallVE (1993) Vegetation response to volcanic eruptions on egmont volcano, new zealand, during the last 1500 years. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand23(2): 91–127.
77.
LespezLLescureSSaulnier-CopardS, et al. (2021) Discovery of a tsunami deposit from the Bronze Age Santorini eruption at Malia (Crete): Impact, chronology, extension. Scientific Reports11(1): 1–14.
78.
LivingstoneDA (1955) A lightweight piston sampler for lake deposits. Ecological Society of America36(1): 137–139.
79.
LongCJPowerMJBartleinPJ (2011) The effects of fire and tephra deposition on forest vegetation in the Central Cascades, Oregon. Quaternary Research75(1): 151–158.
80.
LongCJPowerMJMinckleyTA, et al. (2014) The impact of Mt Mazama tephra deposition on forest vegetation in the Central Cascades, Oregon, USA. Holocene24(4): 503–511.
81.
LoweDJ (2011) Tephrochronology and its application: A review. Quaternary Geochronology6(2): 107–153.
82.
LoweJWalkerM (2015) Reconstructing Quaternary Environments. London And New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
83.
LöwemarkLBloemsmaMCroudaceI, et al. (2019) Practical guidelines and recent advances in the itrax XRF core-scanning procedure. Quaternary International514: 16–29.
84.
ManningSWRamseyCBKutscheraW, et al. (2006) Chronology for the Aegean Late Bronze Age 1700-1400 B.C. Science312(5773): 565–569.
85.
MargariVPyleDMBryantC, et al. (2007) Mediterranean tephra stratigraphy revisited: Results from a long terrestrial sequence on Lesvos Island, Greece. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research163(1–4): 34–54.
86.
MinouraKImamuraFKuranU, et al. (2000) Discovery of Minoan tsunami deposits. Geology28(1): 59–62.
MüllerUCProssJTzedakisPC, et al. (2011) The role of climate in the spread of modern humans into Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews30(3–4): 273–279.
89.
NinkovichDHeezenBC (1965) Santorini Tephra. Seventeenth Symposium of the Colston Research Society. Colston Research Papers 17. London: Butterworths Scientific Publications, pp.413–452.
90.
NovikovaTPapadopoulosGAMcCoyFW (2011) Modelling of tsunami generated by the giant Late Bronze Age eruption of Thera, South Aegean Sea, Greece. Geophysical Journal International186(2): 665–680.
91.
ÖzdemirYAkkaya OyanV, et al. (2016) A debris avalanche at Süphan stratovolcano (Turkey) and implications for hazard evaluation. Bulletin of Volcanology78(2): 1–13.
92.
ÖzdemirYGüleçN (2014) Geological and geochemical evolution of the quaternary süphan stratovolcano, Eastern Anatolia, Turkey: Evidence for the lithosphere–asthenosphere interaction in post-collisional volcanism. Journal of Petrology55(1): 37–62.
93.
ÖzdemirYKaraoğlu TolluoğluAÜ, et al. (2006) Volcanostratigraphy and petrogenesis of the Nemrut stratovolcano (East Anatolian High Plateau): The most recent post-collisional volcanism in Turkey. Chemical Geology226(3-4): 189–211.
94.
PareschiMTFavalliMBoschiE (2006) Impact of the Minoan tsunami of Santorini: Simulated scenarios in the Eastern Mediterranean. Geophysical Research Letters33(18): 1–6.
95.
ParisRSmedileAFalvardS, et al. (2022) A Minoan and a Neolithic tsunami recorded in coastal sediments of Ios Island, Aegean Sea, Greece. Marine Geology452: 106908. DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2022.106908.
96.
PattersonWAEdwardsKJMaguireDJ (1987) Microscopic charcoal as a fossil indicator of fire. Quaternary Science Reviews6(1): 3–23.
97.
PearceNJGEastwoodWJWestgateJA, et al. (2002) Trace-element composition of single glass shards in distal Minoan tephra from SW Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society159(5): 545–556.
98.
PearsonCLBrewerPWBrownD, et al. (2018) Annual radiocarbon record indicates 16th century BCE date for the Thera eruption. Science Advances4(8): 1–7.
99.
PickarskiNKwiecienOLittT (2023) Volcanic impact on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the Eastern Mediterranean. Communications Earth and Environment4: 167. DOI: 10.1038/s43247-023-00827-0.
100.
PlatevoetBElitok GuillouH, et al. (2014) Petrology of Quaternary volcanic rocks and related plutonic xenoliths from Gölcük volcano, Isparta Angle, Turkey: Origin and evolution of the high-K alkaline series. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences92: 53–76.
101.
PlatevoetBScailletSGuillouH, et al. (2008) Pleistocene eruptive chronology of the Gölcük volcano, Isparta Angle, Turkey. Chronologie des épisodes volcaniques pléistocènes du volcan Gölcük, Angle d’Isparta, Turquie. Quaternaire19/2: 147–156.
102.
PyleDM (1990) New estimates for the volume of the Minoan eruption. In: HardyDAKellerJAlanopoulosVP, et al. (eds) Thera and the Aegean World III. Volume Two: Earth Sciences. Proceedings of the Third International Congress, Santorini, Greece. London: The Thera Foundation, pp.113–121.
103.
ReimerPJAustinWENBardE, et al. (2020) The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0–55 cal kBP). Radiocarbon62(4): 725–757.
104.
RhodesAN (1998) A method for the preparation and quantification of microscopic charcoal from terrestrial and lacustrine sediment cores. Holocene8(1): 113–117.
105.
RischRMellerH (2015) Change and continuity in Europe and the Mediterranean around 1600bc. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society81: 239–264.
106.
RobertsN (2014) The Holocene an Environmental History. (3rd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell.
107.
RobockA (2000) Volcanic eruptions and climate change. Reviews of Geophysics38(2): 191–219.
108.
RobockA (2015) Climatic Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions. The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Inc.
109.
RoeserPAFranzSOLittT, et al. (2012) Lithostratigraphic and geochronological framework for the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the last ∼36 ka cal BP from a sediment record from Lake Iznik (NW Turkey). Quaternary International274: 73–87.
110.
ŞahoğluVSterbaJHKatzT, et al. (2022) Volcanic ash, victims, and tsunami debris from the late Bronze Age Thera eruption discovered at çeşme-Bağlararası (Turkey). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America119(1): e2114213118. DOI: doi:10.1073/pnas.2114213118.
111.
SatowCTomlinsonELGrantKM, et al. (2015) A new contribution to the Late Quaternary tephrostratigraphy of the Mediterranean: Aegean Sea core LC21. Quaternary Science Reviews117: 96–112.
112.
SchminckeH-USumitaM (2014) Impact of volcanism on the evolution of Lake Van (eastern Anatolia) III: Periodic (Nemrut) vs. Episodic (Süphan) explosive eruptions and climate forcing reflected in a tephra gap between ca. 14ka and ca. 30ka. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research285: 195–213.
113.
SchmittAKDanišíkMEvansNJ, et al. (2011) Acigöl rhyolite field, Central Anatolia (part 1): High-resolution dating of eruption episodes and zircon growth rates. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology162(6): 1215–1231.
114.
SchmittAKDanišíkMSiebelW, et al. (2014) Late Pleistocene zircon ages for intracaldera domes at Gölcük (Isparta, Turkey). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research286: 24–29.
115.
ŞenkulÇGürboğaŞDoğanM, et al. (2022) High-resolution geochemical (μXRF) and palynological analyses for climatic and environmental changes in lake sediments from Sultansazlığı Marsh (Central Anatolia) during the last 14.5 kyr. Quaternary International613: 24–38.
116.
SeymourKSChristanisKBouzinosA, et al. (2004) Tephrostratigraphy and tephrochronology in the Philippi peat basin, Macedonia, Northern Hellas (Greece). Quaternary International121(1): 53–65.
117.
SigurdssonHCareySDevineJD (1990) Assessment of mass dynamics and environmental effects of Santori volcano. In: HardyDAKellerJGalanopoulosVP, et al. (eds) Thera and the Aegean World III. Volume Two: Earth Sciences. Proceedings of the Third International Congress, Santorini, Greece. London: The Thera Foundation, pp.100–112.
118.
StockFLaermannsHPintA, et al. (2020) Human-environment interaction in the hinterland of Ephesos – As deduced from an in-depth study of Lake Belevi, west Anatolia. Quaternary Science Reviews244: 106418. DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106418
119.
StockmarrJ (1971) Tablets with spores used in absolute pollen analysis. Pollen et Spores XIII: 615–621.
120.
SullivanDG (1988) The discovery of Santorini Minoan tephra in western Turkey. Nature333(6173): 552–554.
121.
SullivanDG (1990) Minoan tephra in lake sediments in western Turkey, dating eruption and assessing the atmospheric disper- sal of ash. In: HardyDARenfrewAC (eds) Thera and the Aegean World III. Volume Three: Chronology. Proceedings of the Third International Congress, Santorini, Greece. London: The Thera Foundation, pp.114–119.
122.
SulpizioRAlçiçekMCZanchettaG, et al. (2013) Recognition of the Minoan tephra in the acigöl Basin, western Turkey: Implications for inter-archive correlations and fine ash dispersal. Journal of Quaternary Science28(4): 329–335.
123.
SumitaMSchminckeH-U (2013a) Impact of volcanism on the evolution of Lake Van II: Temporal evolution of explosive volcanism of Nemrut Volcano (eastern Anatolia) during the past ca. 0.4Ma. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research253: 15–34.
124.
SumitaMSchminckeH-U (2013b) Impact of volcanism on the evolution of Lake Van I: Evolution of explosive volcanism of Nemrut Volcano (eastern Anatolia) during the past >400,000 years. Bulletin of Volcanology75(5): 1–32.
125.
SunSSMcDonoughWF (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes. Geological Society Special Publication42(1): 313–345.
126.
SwingedouwDMignotJOrtegaP, et al. (2017) Impact of explosive volcanic eruptions on the main climate variability modes. Global and Planetary Change150: 24–45.
127.
TinnerWHuFS (2003) Size parameters, size-class distribution and area-number relationship of microscopic charcoal: Relevance for fire reconstruction. Holocene13(4): 499–505.
128.
TomlinsonELSmithVCAlbertPG, et al. (2015) The major and trace element glass compositions of the productive Mediterranean volcanic sources: Tools for correlating distal tephra layers in and around Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews118: 48–66.
129.
Ulusoy ÇubukçuHEAydarE, et al. (2012) Volcanological evolution and caldera forming eruptions of Mt. Nemrut (Eastern Turkey). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research245–246: 21–39.
130.
van ZeistWWoldringHStapertD (1975) Late quaternary vegetation and climate of southwestern Turkey. Palaeohistoria17(1–4): 143.
131.
VardarS (2018) Marmara gölü’nün Paleocoğrafyası ve Tunç çağı’ndan günümüze jeoarkeolojik değerlendirmeler, Manisa. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi16(2): 217–237.
132.
VinciA (1985) Distribution and chemical composition of tephra layers from eastern Mediterranean abyssal sediments. Marine Geology64(1–2): 143–155.
133.
VintherBMClausenHBJohnsenSJ, et al. (2006) A synchronized dating of three Greenland ice cores throughout the holocene. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres111(D13): 1–11.
134.
VogelHWagnerBZanchettaG, et al. (2010) A paleoclimate record with tephrochronological age control for the last glacial-interglacial cycle from Lake Ohrid, Albania and Macedonia. Journal of Paleolimnology44(1): 295–310.
135.
WatkinsNDSparksRSJSigurdssonH, et al. (1978) Volume and extent of the Minoan tephra from Santorini volcano: New evidence from deep-sea sediment cores. Nature271(5641): 122–126.
136.
WhitlockCMillspaughSH (1996) Testing the assumptions of fire-history studies: An examination of modern charcoal accumulation in Yellowstone National Park, USA. Holocene6(1): 7–15.
137.
WoodbridgeJRobertsCNPalmisanoA, et al. (2019) Pollen-inferred regional vegetation patterns and demographic change in southern Anatolia through the holocene. Holocene29(5): 728–741.
138.
WulfSHardimanMJStaffRA, et al. (2018) The marine isotope stage 1–5 cryptotephra record of Tenaghi Philippon, Greece: Towards a detailed tephrostratigraphic framework for the Eastern Mediterranean region. Quaternary Science Reviews186: 236–262.
139.
WulfSKellerJSatowC, et al. (2020) Advancing Santorini’s tephrostratigraphy: New glass geochemical data and improved marine-terrestrial tephra correlations for the past ∼360 kyrs. Earth-Science Reviews200: 102964. DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102964.
140.
WulfSKramlMKuhnT, et al. (2002) Marine tephra from the Cape Riva eruption (22 ka) of Santorini in the Sea of Marmara. Marine Geology183(1–4): 131–141.
141.
ZielinskiGAMayewskiPAMeekerLD, et al. (1994) Record of volcanism since 7000 B.C. from the GISP2 Greenland ice core and implications for the volcano-climate system. Science264(5161): 948–952.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
