Knowledge of past environmental and climatic conditions of lake ecosystems on Chiloé Island on a millennial scale is limited. Hence, this study fills a gap in our understanding of this part of southern Chile. The aim of this study was to reconstruct the environmental and climatic history of the last 1000 years of Lake Pastahué through a multi-proxy sediment core analysis. The 1-m-long core was subsampled every centimeter for the organic matter, magnetic susceptibility, grain-size distribution, and biological indicator (pollen, chironomids) analyses. The age model was constructed from 210Pb, 137Cs, and 14C activity. Pollen results revealed a North Patagonian forest composition represented by Nothofagus, Weinmannia, Drimys, Tepualia, Myrtaceae, Poaceae, and Pteridophyta. The abundance of Rumex and Pinus in the most recent part of the pollen assemblage reflects a clear anthropogenic impact. The sedimentological parameters and chironomid assemblage show similar variations, which highlight changes in the trophic state of the lake. The changes observed in all proxies suggest the influence of climate events such as the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’ (MCA) and ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA). The variations observed since the beginning of the 20th century could be the result of the combined effect of anthropogenic activities and the increase in temperature recorded in south-central Chile and Patagonia.
AbarzúaAMMorenoPI (2008) Changing fire regimes in the temperate rainforest region of southern Chile over the last 16,000 yr. Quaternary Research69(1): 62–71.
2.
AhmedMAnchukaitisKJAsratAet al. (2013) Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia. Nature Geoscience6: 339–346.
3.
AranedaATorrejonFAguayoMet al. (2007) Historical records of San Rafael glacier advances (North Patagonian Icefield): Another clue to ‘Little Ice Age’ timing in southern Chile?The Holocene17(7): 987–998.
4.
AranedaATorrejónFAguayoMet al. (2009) Historical records of Cipreses glacier (34°S): Combining documentary-inferred ‘Little Ice Age’ evidence from Southern and Central Chile. The Holocene19(8): 1173–1183.
5.
ArenasJ (2001) Informe final: Determinación de la capacidad de carga de los lagos Auquilda, Yaldad y Tres Marías en Chiloé Insular. Fondo de Investigación Pesquera (FIP), Subsecretaría de Pesca, Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Reconstrucción y Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, November.
6.
BennettKD (1996) Determination of the number of zones in a biostratigraphical sequence. New Phytologist132: 155–170.
7.
BertrandSBoësXCastiauxJet al. (2005) Temporal evolution of sediment supply in Lago Puyehue (Southern Chile) during the last 600 yr and its climatic significance. Quaternary Research64(2): 163–175.
8.
BertrandSHughenKSepúlvedaJet al. (2014) Late Holocene covariability of the southern westerlies and sea surface temperature in northern Chilean Patagonia. Quaternary Science Reviews105: 195–208.
9.
BirksHJB (1998) Deevey review 1: Numerical tools in palaeolimnology – Progress, potentialities, and problems. Journal of Paleolimnology20(4): 307–332.
BlaauwM (2010) Methods and code for ‘classical’ age-modelling of radiocarbon sequences. Quaternary Geochronology5(5): 512–518.
12.
BradleyRSJonesPD (1993) ‘Little Ice Age’ summer temperature variations: Their nature and relevance to recent global warming trends. The Holocene3(4): 367–376.
13.
Bronk RamseyC (2005) OxCal Program v3.10. Oxford: University of Oxford Radiocarbon Acceleration Unit.
14.
BrooksSJ (2000) Late-glacial fossil midge stratigraphies (Insecta: Diptera: Chironomidae) from the Swiss Alps. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology159(3–4): 261–279.
15.
BrooksSJLangdonPGHeiriO (2007) The Identification and Use of Palaearctic Chironomidae Larvae in Palaeoecology. London: QRA Technical, Quaternary Research Association.
16.
ByronJ (1768) The Narrative of the Honourable John Byron: Containing an Account of the Great Distresses Suffered by Himself and His Companions on the Coast of Patagonia, From the Year 1740, till their Arrival in England, 1746. 2nd Edition.London: S. Baker, G. Leigh and T. Davies.
17.
CarrevedoMLFrugoneMLatorreCet al. (2015) A 700-year record of climate and environmental change from a high Andean lake: Laguna del Maule, central Chile (36°S). The Holocene25(6): 956–972.
18.
ChambersFM (2016) The ‘Little Ice Age’: The first virtual issue of The Holocene. The Holocene26(3): 335–337.
19.
ChristieDABoninsegnaJACleavelandMKet al. (2011) Aridity changes in the Temperate-Mediterranean transition of the Andes since AD 1346 reconstructed from tree-rings. Climate Dynamics36(7): 1505–1521.
20.
CisternasMAtwaterBFTorrejónFet al. (2005) Predecessors of the giant 1960 Chile earthquake. Nature437(7057): 404–407.
21.
Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF), Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente (CONAMA) and Banco Internacional de Reconstrucción y Fomento (BIRF) (1999) Catastro y evaluación de los recursos vegetacionales nativos de Chile. Santiago: CONAF, Informe Nacional con Variables Ambientales. Available at: http://bosques.ciren.cl/bitstream/handle/123456789/10656/CONAF_BD_21.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
22.
CorominasJ (1976) Diccionario crítico etimológico de la Lengua Castellana, vol. IV. Barcelona: Editorial Gredos.
23.
CranstonP (1996) Identification Guide to the Chironomidae of New South Wales. Sydney: Australian Water Technologies Pty Limited.
24.
De JongRVon GuntenLMaldonadoAet al. (2013) Late-Holocene summer temperatures in the central Andes reconstructed from the sediments of high-elevation Laguna Chepical, Chile (32 S). Climate of the Past9(4): 1921–1932.
25.
Dirección General de Aguas (DGA) (1987) Balance hídrico de Chile. Santiago: Ministerio de Obras Públicas.
26.
ElbertEWartenburgerRvon GuntenLet al. (2013) Late-Holocene air temperature reconstructed from sediments of Laguna Escondida, Patagonia, Chile (45°S 30’W). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology369: 482–492.
27.
ElbertJGrosjeanMvon GuntenLet al. (2011) Quantitative high-resolution winter (JJA) precipitation reconstruction from varved sediments of Lago Plomo 47°S, Patagonian Andes, AD 1530–2001. The Holocene22: 465–474.
28.
EplerJH (2001) Identification Manual for the Larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of North and South Carolina (Special Publication). Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
29.
EsperJCookERSchweingruberF (2002) Low-frequency signals in long tree-ring chronologies for reconstructing past temperature variability. Science2002; 295(5563): 2250–2253.
30.
FaegriKIversenJ (1989) Textbook of Pollen Analysis. Chichester: John Wiley.
31.
FlantuaSGAHooghiemstraHVuilleMet al. (2016) Climate variability and human impact in South America during the last 2000 years: Synthesis and perspectives from pollen records. Climate of the Past12(2): 483–523.
32.
FletcherMSMorenoPI (2012) Vegetation, climate and fire regime changes in the Andean region of southern Chile (38°S) covaried with centennial-scale climate anomalies in the tropical Pacific over the last 1500 years. Quaternary Science Reviews46: 46–56.
33.
GarcíaJ (1871) Diario del viaje i navegacion hechos por el padre José García, de la compañía de Jesus, desde su mision de Caylin, en Chiloé hácia el sur, en los años 1766 i 1767. Anales de la Universidad de Chile (20 semestre, Santiago de Chile)XXXIX: 351–379, 358–359.
34.
GrimmEC (1987) Constrained cluster analysis by the method of incremental sum of squares. Computers & Geosciences13(1): 13–35.
35.
HaberzettlTFeyMLückeAet al. (2005) Climatically induced lake level changes during the last two millennia as reflected in sediments of Laguna Potrok Aike, southern Patagonia (Santa Cruz, Argentina). Journal of Paleolimnology33(3): 283–302.
36.
HaigT (1946) Forest Resources of Chile as a Basis for Industrial Expansion. Santiago: Corfo.
37.
HeiriOLotterAFLemckeG (2001) Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results. Journal of Paleolimnology25(1): 101–110.
38.
HenríquezWIMorenoPIAllowayBet al. (2015) Vegetation and climate change, fire-regime shifts and volcanic disturbance in Chiloé Continental (43°S) during the last 10,000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews123: 158–167.
39.
HerreraIGoncalvesEPauchardAet al. (eds) (2016) Manual de plantas invasoras de sudamérica. 1st edn. Santiago: Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, 116 pp.
40.
HeusserCJ (1971) Pollen and Spores of Chile: Modern Types of the Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Angiospermae. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
41.
HoggAGHuaQBlackwellPGet al. (2013) SHCal13 southern hemisphere calibration, 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon55(4): 1889–1903.
42.
JonesPD (2001) The evolution of climate over the last millennium. Science292(5517): 662–667.
43.
JonesPDMannME (2004) Climate over past mellinia. Reviews of Geophysics42(2): 1–42.
KempfPMoernautJVan DaeleMet al. (2017) Coastal lake sediments reveal 5500 years of tsunami history in south central Chile. Quaternary Science Reviews161: 99–116.
46.
LatorreCWilmshurstJVon GuntenL (2016) Climate change and cultural diversity. Past Global Changes24(2): 131–140.
47.
Le QuesneCAcuñaCBoninsegnaJAet al. (2009) Long-term glacier variations in the Central Andes of Argentina and Chile, inferred from historical records and tree-ring reconstructed precipitation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology281(3–4): 334–344.
48.
MannME (2001) Climate during the past millennium. Weather56: 91–102.
49.
MannMEZhangZRutherfordSet al. (2009) Global signatures and dynamical origins of the little ice age and medieval climate anomaly. Science326(5957): 1256–1260.
50.
MarkgrafVD’AntoniHL (1978) Pollen Flora of Argentina. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
51.
MassaferroJOrtegaCFuentesRet al. (2013) Guia Para la Identificacion de Tanytarsini Subfosiles (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae) de la Patagonia. Ameghiniana50(3): 319–334.
52.
MassaferroJIMorenoPIDentonGHet al. (2009) Chironomid and pollen evidence for climate fluctuations during the Last Glacial Termination in NW Patagonia. Quaternary Science Reviews28(5–6): 517–525.
53.
MatthewsJABriffaKA (2005) The ‘Little Ice Age’: Re-evaluation of an evolving concept. Geografiska Annaler Series A Physical Geography87(1): 17–36.
MorenoPI (2004) Millennial-scale climate variability in northwest Patagonia over the last 25,000 yr. Journal of Quaternary Science19: 35–47.
56.
MorenoPIFrançoisJPVilla-MartínezRPet al. (2009) Millennial-scale variability in Southern Hemisphere westerly wind activity over the last 5000 years in SW Patagonia. Quaternary Science Reviews28(1–2): 25–38.
57.
MorenoPIVilanovaIVilla-MartínezRet al. (2014) Southern Annular Mode-like changes in southwestern Patagonia at centennial timescales over the last three millennia. Nature Communications5: 4375.
58.
NeukomRLuterbacherJVillalbaRet al. (2011) Multiproxy summer and winter surface air temperature field reconstructions for southern South America covering the past centuries. Climate Dynamics37(1): 35–51.
59.
NovoPChicarroF (1957) Diccionario de Geología y ciencias afines. Madrid: Editorial La Bor S.A.
60.
OksanenJBlanchetFGFriendlyMet al. (2015) Vegan: Community Ecology Package, R Packag, version 2.3-2. Available at: https://github.com/vegandevs/vegan.
61.
OteroL (2006) La huella del fuego. Historia de los bosques nativos. Poblamiento y cambios en el paisaje del sur de Chile. Santiago: Pehuén Editores, 171 pp.
62.
PérezLLorenschatJMassaferroJet al. (2013) Bioindicators of climate and thophic state lowland and highland aquatic ecosystems of the northern Neotropics. Revista de Biología Tropical61(2): 603–644.
63.
PesceOHMorenoPI (2014) Vegetation, fire and climate change in central-east Isla Grande de Chiloé (43oS) since the Last Glacial Maximum, northwestern Patagonia. Quaternary Science Reviews90: 143–157.
64.
PonceJBorromeiAMRabassaJet al. (2011) Late Quaternary palaeoenvironmental change in western Staaten Island (54.5° S, 64° W), Fuegian Archipelago. Quaternary International233(2): 89–100.
65.
PrietoMSolariMECrouchetJet al. (2012) Fuentes documentales para el estudio del clima en la región sur-austral de Chile (40o - 51o S) durante los últimos siglos. Bosque (Valdivia)33(2): 5–6.
66.
QuintanillaV (2004) Degradación del bosque pluvial en una cuenca hidrográfica del norte de la Isla Grande de Chiloé 1. Revista de Geografia Norte Grande31: 73–84.
67.
Real Academia Española (1933) Diccionario histórico de la lengua española. Madrid: Imprenta de Librería y Casa Editorial Hernandon. Available at: http://web.frl.es/DH1936.html
68.
Ribeiro GuevaraSArribéreM (2002) 37Cs dating of lake cores from the Nahuel Huapi National Park, Patagonia, Argentina: Historical records and profile measurements. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry252(1): 37–45.
69.
RoigFLe-QuesneCBoninsegnaJ (2001) Climate variability 50,000 years ago in mid-latitude Chile as reconstructed from tree rings. Nature410(6828): 567–570.
70.
Ruiz-MorenoJOspina-TorresRGómez-SierraH (2000) Guía para la identificación genérica de larvas de quironómidos (Diptera: Chironomidae) de la sabana de Bogotá. III. Subfamilias Tanypodinae, Podonominae y Diamesinae. Caldasia22: 34–60.
71.
SchmithüsenJ (1956) Die räumliche Ordnung der chilenischen Vegetation. In: SchmithüsenJKlappESchwabeGH (eds) Forschungen in Chile. Bonner Geographische Abhandlungen, vol. 17. Bonn: Geographisches Institut, Universität Bonn, pp. 1–86. Available at: https://issuu.com/jpintoz/docs/1956_schmith_sen_ra_mordnchilveg_bo
72.
SimpsonE (1875) Esploraciones hechas por la corbeta Chacabuco, al mando del Capitán de Fragata D. Enrique M. Simpson, en los archipiélagos de Guaitecas, Chonos i Taitao’. Anuario Hidrográfico de la Marina de Chile, No 1, Santiago de Chile, pp. 3–147, 30–33.
73.
SoonWBaliunasS (2003) Proxy climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years. Climate Research23: 89–110.
74.
SoonWBaliunasSIdsoCet al. (2003) Reconstructing climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years: A reappraisal. Energy Environ14(2/3): 233–296.
75.
SteffenH (1910) Viajes de exploracion i estudio en la Patagonia Occidental 1892–1902, vol. II. Santiago de Chile: Imprenta Cervantes, pp. 549–303.
76.
StockmarrJ (1971) Tablets with spores used in absolute pollen analysis. Pollen Et Spores13(4): 615–621.
77.
StrotherSLSalzmannURobertsSet al. (2015) Changes in Holocene climate and the intensity of Southern Hemisphere Westerly Winds based on a high-resolution palynological record from sub-Antarctic South Georgia. The Holocene25: 263–279.
78.
SummerhayesC (2017) Comment on ‘The Medieval Quiet Period’ – Implications arising from models of solar irradiance. The Holocene27(2): 315–316.
79.
TorrejónFCisternasMAranedaA (2004) Efectos ambientales de la colonización Española desde el río Maullín al archipiélago de Chiloé, sur de Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural77(4): 661–677.
80.
TorrejónFCisternasMAlvialIet al. (2011) Consecuencias de la tala maderera colonial en los bosques de Alerce de Chiloé, sur de Chile (Siglos XVI-XIX). Magallania (Punta Arenas)39(2): 75–95.
81.
Troncoso CastroJMSaldañaARondanelli-ReyesMJ (2015) Historia vegetal y regímenes de fuego recientes de la turbera costera de Chepu, Isla Grande de Chiloé, Chile. Gayana Botánica72(2): 340–349.
82.
UrbinaM (2011) Análisis Histórico-Cultural del Alerce en la Patagonia Septentrional Occidental, Chiloé, Siglos XVI al XIX. Magallania (Punta Arenas)39(2): 57–73.
83.
UrrutiaRAranedaATorresLet al. (2010) Late-Holocene environmental changes inferred from diatom, chironomid, and pollen assemblages in an Andean lake in Central Chile, Lake Laja (36°S). Hydrobiologia648(1): 207–225.
84.
VillagránC (1985) Análisis palinológico de los cambios vegetacionales durante el Tardiglacial y Postglacial. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural58: 57–69.
85.
VillagránC (2001) Un Modelo de la historia de la vegetación de la Cordillera de La Costa de Chile central-sur: la hipótesis glacial de Darwin. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural74: 793–803.
86.
VillagránCLeónARoigFA (2004) Paleodistribución del alerce y ciprés de las Guaitecas durante períodos interestadiales de la Glaciación Llanquihue: provincias de Llanquihue y Chiloé, Región de Los Lagos, Chile. Revista Geológica de Chile31(1): 133–151.
87.
VillalbaR (1994) Tree-ring and glacial evidence for the medieval warm epoch and the little ice age in southern South America. Climatic Change26: 183–197.
88.
Von GuntenLGrosjeanMReinBet al. (2009) A quantitative high-resolution summer temperature reconstruction based on sedimentary pigments from Laguna Aculeo, central Chile, back to AD 850. The Holocene19(6): 873–881.
