Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2018-3
Characteristics of modern biotic data and their relationship to vegetation of the Alpine zone of Chopta valley,North Sikkim,India: Implications for palaeovegetation reconstruction
We examined the modern pollen palynomorphs (PP) distribution complemented with non-pollen palynomorphs (NPP) and stable carbon isotopic data of soil organic matter (SOM) to explore relationships of these proxies to vegetation communities in the Chopta valley, a closed valley in alpine zone of the North Sikkim, India, in an attempt to check the efficiency for reconstructing past vegetation and climate. A total of 24 surface soil samples were collected from both the windward and leeward sides of the valley and they did not show any significant difference in the palynoassemblages. The average value of δ13C is −26.6%, which clearly indicates a C3-dominated vegetation in this valley which is also corroborated by the palynological data. However, signature of upthermic wind transport was evident by the significant presence of extra-local and regional forest elements in the palynoassemblages. NPP data indicated grazing activity in the valley and is in conformity with the present-day scenario. Furthermore, cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) done on the PP and NPP data broadly grouped the samples according to the location of collection to some extent and reflected the relationships among the taxa with the extant vegetation. This study provides a basis for future palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate reconstruction from the region.
AgrawalSSanyalPSarkarAet al. (2012) Variability of Indian monsoonal rainfall over the past 100 ka and its implication for C3–C4 vegetational change. Quaternary Research77: 159–170.
2.
AgrawalSSrivastavaPSonamet al. (2015) Stable (δ13C and δ15N) isotopes and Magnetic Susceptibility record of late Holocene climate change from a lake profile of the northeast Himalaya. Journal of Geological Society of India86: 696–705.
3.
AldasoroJJCabezasFAedoC (2004) Diversity and distribution of ferns in sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar and some islands of the South Atlantic. Journal of Biogeography31: 1579–1604.
4.
AndersenSTH (1970) The relative pollen productivity and pollen representation of north European trees: and correction factors for tree pollen spectra. Determined by surface pollen analyses from forests. Danmarks geologiske Undersøgelse; Raekke2, 96: 1–99.
5.
BaliRChauhanMSMishraAKet al. (2017) Vegetation and climate change in the temperate-subalpine belt of Himachal Pradesh since 6300 cal. yrs. BP, inferred from pollen evidence of Triloknath palaeolake. Quaternary International444: 11–23.
6.
BarboniDBonnefilleR (2001) Precipitation signal in pollen rain from tropical forests, South India. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology114: 239–258.
7.
BarboniDBonnefilleRPrasadSet al. (2003) Variation in modern pollen from tropical evergreen forests and the monsoon seasonality gradient in SW India. Journal of Vegetation Science14: 551–562.
8.
BarthelmesAde KlerkPPragerAet al. (2012) Expanding NPP analysis to eutrophic and forested sites: Significance of NPPs in a Holocene wood peat section (NE Germany). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology186: 22–37.
9.
BasuSAgrawalSSanyalPet al. (2015) Carbon isotopic ratios of modern C3-C4 plants from the Gangetic plain, India and its implications to paleovegetational reconstruction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology440: 22–32.
10.
BasumatarySKBeraSK (2007) Modern pollen-spore assemblage from sediment of tropical moist deciduous forest, East Garo Hills, Meghalaya. Journal of Palynology43: 111–118.
11.
BengtssonLEnellM (1986) Chemical analysis. In: BerglundBE (ed.) Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 423–451.
12.
BeraSKGuptaHP (1989) Correlation between pollen spectra and vegetation of Chota Shigri Glacier in Himachal Pradesh, India. Palaeobotanist38: 404–410.
13.
BeraSKAliSNBaliRet al. (2011) Impact of pollen rain from the vegetation of alpine-subalpine belt as a reliable measure for palaeoclimatic interpretation: a case study from Pindari Glacier, Kumaun Himalaya, India. International Journal of Earth Sciences Engineering4: 101.
14.
BhattacharyyaA (1989a) Modern pollen spectra from Rohtang range, Himachal Pradesh. Journal Palynology25: 121–131.
15.
BhattacharyyaA (1989b) Modern pollen spectra of Bada Shigri Glacier, Greater Himalayan Range, Lahaul-Spiti District, Himachal Pradesh. Scientific Culture55: 246–248.
16.
BhattacharyyaA (1989c) Vegetation and climate during the last 30,000 years in Ladakh. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology73: 25–38.
17.
BhutiyaniMRKaleVSPawarNJ (2010) Climate change and the precipitation variations in the northwestern Himalaya: 1866–2006. International Journal of Climatology30: 535–548.
18.
BirksHJBBirksHH (1980) Quaternary Palaeoecology. London: Edward Arnold Publishers, p. 289.
19.
BirksHJBGordonAD (1985) Numerical Methods in Quaternary Pollen Analysis. London: Academic Press, p. 317.
20.
BoomAMoraGCleefAMet al. (2001) High altitude C4 grasslands in the northern Andes: relicts from glacial conditions?Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology115: 147–160.
21.
BradshawRHWWebbTIII (1985) Relationships between contemporary pollen and vegetation data from Wisconsin and Michigan, USA. Ecology66: 721–737.
22.
BrooksTMMittermeierRAda Fonsecaet al. (2006) Global biodiversity conservation priorities. Science313: 58–61.
23.
BroströmAGaillardMJIhseMet al. (1998) Pollen-landscape relationships in modern analogues of ancient cultural landscapes in southern Sweden: A first step towards quantification of vegetation openness in the past. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany7: 189–201.
24.
CalcoteR (1998) Identifying forest stand types using pollen from forest hollows. The Holocene8: 423–32.
25.
CannelMGSmithRI (1984) Spring frost damage on young Picea sitchensis. Predicted dates of budburst and probability of frost damage. Forestry57: 177–95.
26.
CariñanosPCasares-PorcelMQuesada-RubioJM (2014) Estimating the allergenic potential of urban Green spaces: A case-study in Granada, Spain. Landscape and Urban Planning123: 134–144.
27.
CaseldineCJPardoeHS (1994) Surface pollen studies from alpine/sub-alpine southern Norway: Applications to Holocene data. Review of Palaeobotany Palynology82: 1–15.
28.
CerlingTEHarrisMJMacFaddenJBet al. (1997) Global vegetation change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Nature389: 153–158.
29.
CerlingTEQuadeJWangYet al. (1989) Carbon isotopes in soils and palaeosols as ecology and palaeoecology indicators. Nature34: 138–139.
30.
ChampionHGSethS K (1968) A Revised Survey of Forest Types of India. New Delhi: Government of India Press, p. 404.
31.
ChauhanMSSharmaC (1993) Modern pollen deposition in Subtropical zone of Kumaon Himalaya. Geophytology3: 147–153.
ChauhanMSMazariRKRajagopalanG (2000) Vegetation and climate in upper Spiti region, Himachal Pradesh during late Holocene. Current Science79: 373–377.
34.
ChettriNSharmaEDebDC (2001) Bird community structure along a trekking corridor of Sikkim Himalaya: A conservation perspective. Biological Conservation102: 1–16.
35.
CookEJvanGBvan derKSet al. (2011) A review of the use of non-pollen palynomorphs in palaeoecology with examples from Australia. Palynology35: 155–178.
36.
Court-PiconMButtlerAde BeaulieuJL (2006) Modern pollen/vegetation/land-use relationships in mountain environments: An example from the Champsaur valley (French Alps). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany15: 151–168.
37.
CugnyCMazierGalopD (2010) Modern and fossil non-pollen palynomorphs from the Basque mountains (western Pyrenees, France): The use of coprophilous fungi to reconstruct pastoral activity. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany19: 391–408.
38.
DeanWEJr (1974) Determination of carbonate and organic matter in calcareous sediments and sedimentary rocks by loss on ignition: Comparison with other methods. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology44: 242–248.
39.
DeinesP (1980) The isotopic composition of reduced organic carbon. In: FritzPFontesJC (eds) Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 329–406.
40.
DietreBGauthierEGilletF (2012) Modern pollen rain and fungal spore assemblages from pasture woodlands around Lake Saint-Point (France). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology186: 69−89.
41.
DimriAPDashSK (2012) Wintertime climatic trends in the western Himalayas. Climatic Change111(3–4): 775–800.
42.
DuanYWZhangTFHeYPet al. (2009). Insect and wind pollination of an alpine biennial Aconitum gymnrum (Ranunculaceae). Plant Biology11: 796–802.
43.
EhleringerJRCerlingTEHellikerBR (1997) C4 photosynthesis, atmospheric CO2 and climate. Oecologia112: 285–299.
ErdtmanG (1943) An Introduction to Pollen Analysis. Waltham, MA: Chronica Botanica, p. 239.
46.
ErtlCPessiAMHuuskoAet al. (2012) Assessing the proportion of ‘extra local’ pollen by means of modern aerobiological phonological records – An example from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in northern Finland. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology185: 1–12.
47.
FaegriKIversenJ (1964) Textbook of Pollen Analysis. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
48.
FallPL (1992) Pollen accumulation in a montane region of Colorado, USA. Review of Palaeobotany Palynology72: 169–197.
49.
FarquharGDEhleringerJRHubickKT (1989) Carbon isotope discrimination in photosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology40: 503–537.
50.
FeeserIO’ConnellM (2009) Fresh insights into long-term changes in flora, vegetation, land use and soil erosion in the karstic environment of the Burren, western Ireland. Journal of Ecology97: 1083–1100.
51.
FeeserIO’ConnellM (2010) Late Holocene land-use and vegetation dynamics in an upland karst region based on pollen and coprophilous fungal spore analyses: An example from the Burren, western Ireland. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany19: 409–426.
52.
FlenleyJR (1973) The use of modern pollen rain samples in the study of the vegetational history of tropical regions. In: BirksHWestRG (eds) Quaternary Plant Ecology: The 14th Symposium of the British Ecological Society. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, pp. 131–141.
53.
FujitaKKadotaTRanaBet al. (2001a) Shrinkage of Glacier AX010 in Shorong region, Nepal Himalayas in the 1990s. Bulletin of Glaciological Research18: 51–54.
54.
FujitaKNakazawaFRanaB (2001b) Glaciological observations on Rikha Samba Glacier in Hidden Valley, Nepal Himalayas, 1998 and 1999. Bulletin of Glaciological Research18: 31–35.
55.
GaillardMJBirksHJBEmanuelssonEet al. (1992) Modern pollen/land-use relationships as an aid in the reconstruction of past land-uses and cultural landscapes: An example from south Sweden. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany1: 3–17.
56.
GansserA (1964) The Geology of the Himalayas. New York: Wiley Interscience, p. 289.
57.
GriersonAJCLongDG (1991 [1983]) Flora of Bhutan, vols 1–3. Edinburgh: Royal Botanical Garden.
58.
GhoshRBeraSSarkarAet al. (2015) A ~50 ka record of monsoonal variability in the Darjeeling foothill region, eastern Himalayas. Quaternary Science Reviews114: 100–115.
59.
GhoshRParuyaDKKhanMAet al. (2014) Late Quaternary climate variability and vegetation response in Ziro Lake Basin, Eastern Himalaya: a multiproxy approach. Quaternary International325: 13–29.
60.
GhoshRParuyaDKAcharyaKet al. (2017) How reliable are non-pollen palynomorphs in tracing vegetation changes and grazing activities? Study from the Darjeeling Himalaya, India. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology475: 23–40.
61.
GoetghebeurP (1998) Cyperaceae. In: KubitzkiKHuberHRudallPJetal. (eds) The Families Genera of Vascular Plants. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 141–190.
62.
GoslingWDMayleFETateNJet al. (2005) Modern pollen-rain characteristics of tall terra firme moist evergreen forest, southern Amazonia. Quaternary Research64: 284–97.
63.
GrimmEC (1990) TILIA TILIA.GRAPH: PC spreadsheet graphics software for pollen data (Newsletter 4). INQUA, Working Group on Data-Handling Methods, July, pp. 5–7.
64.
GuptaHPYadavRR (1992) Interplay between pollen rain and vegetation of Tarai-Bhabar in Kumaon Division, U.P., India. Geophytology21: 183–189.
65.
GusainHSMishraVDBhutiyaniMR (2014) Winter temperature and snowfall trends in the cryospheric region of north-west Himalaya. Mausam65: 425–432.
66.
HajraPKVermaDMGiriGS (eds) (1996) Materials for the Flora of Arunachal Pradesh, vol. I. Calcutta: Botanical Survey of India.
67.
HavingaAJ (1964) Investigation into the differential corrosion susceptibility of pollen and spores. Pollen et Spores6: 621–635.
68.
HavingaAJ (1984) A 20-year experimental investigation into the differential corrosion susceptibility of pollen and spores in various soil types. Pollen et Spores26: 541–558.
69.
HeiriOLotterAFLemckeG (2001) Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic carbonate content in sediments: Reproducibility and comparability of results. Journal of Paleolimnology25: 101–110.
70.
HicksS (2001) The use of annual arboreal pollen deposition values for delimiting tree-lines in the landscape and exploring models of pollen dispersal. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology117: 1–29.
71.
ImmerzeelW (2008) Historical trends and future predictions of climate variability in the Brahmaputra basin. International Journal of Climatology28: 243–254.
72.
JacksonSTLyfordME (1999) Pollen dispersal models in quaternary plant ecology: assumptions, parameters, and prescriptions. Botanical Review65: 39–75.
73.
JacksonSTWilliamsJW (2004) Modern analogs in Quaternary paleoecology: here today, gone yesterday, gone tomorrow?Annual Reviews of Earth Planetary Sciences32: 495–537.
74.
JanssenCR (1966) Recent pollen spectra from the deciduous and coniferous-deciduous forests of northeastern Minnesota: A study in pollen dispersal. Ecology47: 804–825.
75.
JanssenCR (1970) Problems in the recognition of plant communities in pollen diagrams. Vegetation20: 187–198.
76.
KarRBajpaiRMishraK (2016) Modern pollen rain in Kedarnath: implications for past vegetation and climate. Current Science110: 296–298.
77.
KarRBajpaiRSinghAD (2015) Modern pollen assemblages from Hamtah and Chhatru glaciers, Lahaul-Spiti, India: Implications for pollen-vegetation relationship in an alpine arid region of western Himalaya. Quaternary International371: 102–110.
78.
KatoM (1993) Biogeography of ferns: dispersal variance. Journal of Biogeography20: 265–274.
79.
KesslerMKlugeJHempAet al. (2011) A global comparative analysis of elevational species richness patterns of ferns. Global Ecology Biogeography20: 868–880.
80.
KohnMJ (2010) Carbon isotope compositions of terrestrial C3 plants as indicators of (paleo)ecology and (paleo)climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America107: 19691–19695.
81.
KörnerC (1999) Alpine Plant Life: Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, p. 343.
82.
LegendrePGallagherED (2001) Ecologically meaningful transformations for ordination of species data. Oceaologia129: 271–280.
83.
McMullenCKCloseDD (1993) Wind pollination in the Galápagos Island. Noticias de Calápagos52: 12–17.
84.
MeyersPA (1994) Preservation of elemental and isotopic source identification of sedimentary organic matter. Chemical Geology114: 289–302.
85.
MieheG (1996) On the connexion of vegetation dynamics with climatic changes in high Asia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology120: 5–24.
86.
MoorePDWebbJA (1978) An Illustrated Guide to Pollen Analysis. London: Hodder Stoughton.
O’LearyMH (1988) Carbon isotopes in photosynthesis. Bioscience38: 328–336.
89.
O’LearyMHRifeJESlaterJD (1981) Kinetic and isotope effect studies of maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Biochemistry20: 7308–7314.
90.
OverpeckJTWebbTIIIPrenticeIC (1985) Quantitative interpretation of fossil pollen spectra: dissimilarity coefficients and the method of modern analogs. Quaternary Research23: 87–108.
91.
PidekIAPiotrowskaKKasprzykI (2010) Pollen-vegetation relationships for pine and spruce in southeast. Poland on the basis of volumetric and Tauber trap records. Grana49: 215–226.
92.
PišútPBřízováEČejkaTet al. (2010) Paleofloristic and paleofaunistic analysis of Dudváh River oxbow and implication for Late Holocene paleoenvironmental development of the Žitný ostrov Island (SW Slovakia). Geologica Carpathica61: 513–533.
93.
PoosMSJacksonDA (2012) Addressing the removal of rare species in multivariate bioassessments: The impact of methodological choices. Ecological Indicators18: 82–90.
94.
PrenticeIC (1985) Pollen representation, source area, and basin size: toward a unified theory of pollen analysis. Quaternary Research23: 76–86.
95.
PrenticeICBerglundBEOlssenT (1987) Quantitative forest-composition sensing characteristics of pollen samples from Swedish lakes. Boreas16: 43–54.
96.
QuamarMFBeraSK (2014) Surface pollen and its relationship with modern vegetation in tropical deciduous forests of southwestern Madhya Pradesh, India: A review. Palynology38: 147–161.
97.
R Core Team (2014) R: A Language Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available at: http://www.R-project.org/.
98.
RanhotraPSBhattacharyyaA (2013) Modern vegetational distribution and pollen dispersal study within Gangotri Glacier Valley, Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of Geological Society of India82: 133–142.
99.
RaoRR (1974) Vegetation phytogeography of Assam–Burma. In: ManiMS (ed.) Ecology Biogeography of India. The Hague: Dr. W. Junk B.V. Publishers, pp. 204–246.
100.
RaoZGuoWCaoJet al. (2017) Relationship between the stable carbon isotopic composition of modern plants and surface soils and climate: A global review. Earth-Science Reviews165: 110–119.
101.
RäsänenS (2001) Tracing interpreting fine-scale human impact in northern Fennoscandia with the aid of modern pollen analogues. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany10: 211–218.
102.
RawatSGuptaAKSrivastavaPet al. (2015a) A 13,000 year record of environmental magnetic variations in the lake and peat deposits from the Chandra valley, Lahaul: Implications to Holocene monsoonal variability in the NW Himalaya. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology440: 116–127.
103.
RawatSGuptaAKSangodeSJet al. (2015b) Late Pleistocene–Holocene vegetation and Indian summer monsoon record from the Lahaul, Northwest Himalaya, India. Quaternary Science Reviews114: 167–181.
104.
RawatSPhadtareNRSangodeSJ (2012) The Younger Dryas cold event in NW Himalaya based on pollen record from the Chandra Tal area in Himachal Pradesh, India. Current Science102: 1193–1198.
105.
SageRF (1999) Why C4 photosynthesis? In: SageRFMonsonRK (eds) C4 plant biology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 3–16.
106.
SchallerGB (1977) Mountain Monarchs: Wild Goat Sheep of the Himalaya. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
107.
SchuettpelzESchneiderHHuietLet al. (2007) A molecular phylogeny of the fern family Pteridaceae: Assessing overall relationships and the affinities of previously unsampled genera. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution44: 1171–1185.
108.
SchunkeE (1977) Zur genese der thufur Isls und Ost-Grönls. Erdkunde31: 279–87.
109.
SchunkeEZoltaiSC (1988) Earth hummocks. In: ClarkMJ (ed.) Advances in Periglacial Geomorphology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 231–45.
110.
SeppäHHicksS (2006) Integration of modern and past pollen accumulation rate (PAR) records across the arctic tree-line: A method for more precise vegetation reconstructions. Quaternary Science Reviews25: 1501–1516.
111.
SharmaC (1973) Recent pollen spectra from Himachal Pradesh. Geophytology3: 5–144.
112.
SharmaC (1985) Recent pollen spectra from Garhwal Himalaya. Geophytology15: 87–97.
113.
SharmaCChauhanMS (2001) Late-Holocene vegetation climate of Kupup (Sikkim), eastern Himalaya, India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India46: 51–58.
114.
SharmaCTrivediAMalikMA (2001) Modern pollen/spore rain in Surinsar and Mansar lakes, Jammu. Geophytology3: 9–17.
115.
ShresthaABWakeCPMayewskiPAet al. (1999) Maximum temperature trends in the Himalaya and its vicinity: An analysis based on temperature records from Nepal for the period 1971–94. Journal of Climate12: 2775–2786.
SimpsonDAInglisCA (2001) Cyperaceae of economic, ethnobotanical and horticultural importance: A checklist. Kew Bulletin56: 257–360.
118.
SinghPChauhanAS (1997) Plant diversity in Sikkim Himalaya. In: HajraPKMudgalV (eds) Plant Diversity Hotspots of India: An Overview. Kolkata: Botanical Survey of India, pp. 137–158.
119.
SugitaS (2007) Theory of quantitative reconstruction of vegetation I: Pollen from large sites REVEALS regional vegetation. The Holocene17: 229–241.
120.
TauberH (1965) Differential pollen dispersal and the interpretation of pollen diagrams. Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse (Afhlinger), Række II89: 1–69.
121.
TaylorTNKerpHHassH (2005) Life history biology of early land plants: deciphering the gametophyte phase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America102: 5892–5897.
122.
TelwalaY (2012) Climate change alpine flora in Sikkim Himalaya. In: ArrawatiaMLTambeS (eds) Climate Change in Sikkim-Patterns, Impacts and Initiatives. Sikkim, India: Information and Public Relations Department, Government of Sikkim, pp. 103–124.
123.
van GeelBBuurmanJBrinkkemperOet al. (2003) Environmental reconstruction of a Roman Period settlement site in Uitgeest (The Netherlands), with special reference to coprophilous fungi. Journal of Archaeological Science30: 873–883.
124.
VellendMLechowiczMJWaterwayMJ (2000) Environmental distribution of four carex species (cyperaceae) in an old-growth forest. American Journal of Botany87: 1507–1516.
125.
Vishnu-MittreRobertDR (1971) Studies of pollen content of moss cushions in relation to forest composition in the Kashmir valley. Geophytology1: 84–96.
126.
WebbTIIIHoweSEBradshawRHWet al. (1981) Estimating plant abundances from pollen percentages: the use of regression analysis. Review of Palaeobotany Palynology34: 269–300.
127.
WhitbreadAM (1995) Soil organic matter: Its fractionation and role in soil structure. In: LefroyRDBBlairGCraswellET (eds) Soil Organic Matter Management for Sustainable Agriculture. Queensland: The Australian Society of Agronomy, pp. 124–130.
128.
WilmshurstJMMcGloneMS (2005) Origin of pollen and spores in surface lake sediments: Comparison of modern palynomorph assemblages in moss cushions, surface soils and surface lake sediments. Review of Palaeobotany Palynology136: 1–15.
129.
WrightHEJr (1967) The use of surface samples in Quaternary pollen analysis. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology2: 321–330.
130.
WünnemannBDemskDTarasovPet al. (2010) Hydrological evolution during the last 15 kyr in the Tso Kar lake basin (Ladakh, India), derived from geomorphological, sedimentological and palynological records. Quaternary Science Reviews29: 1138−1155.
131.
XuQHLiYCTianFet al. (2009) Pollen assemblages of tauber traps and surface soil samples in steppe areas of China their relationships with vegetation climate. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology153: 86–101.
132.
YaoYFSongXYWortleyAHet al. (2015) A 22 570-year record of vegetational and climatic change from Wenhai Lake in the Hengduan Mountains biodiversity hotspot, Yunnan, Southwest China. Biogeosciences12: 1525–1535.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
