Abstract
A new type of bond designed as an adapted bond is proposed. This bond can be considered in the transition from an active bond to a bond. This approach makes it possible to know the loading effect of the controller–plant and the feedback connections. In order to determine the loading effect of the closed-loop system, the transfer function using causal paths and causal loops of the system in the physical domain is presented. However, this proposed adapted bond should be used in fault cases. Finally, some examples of bond graph models in open- and closed-loop systems are given.
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