Less well known than some of his contemporaries, Jules Baillarger (1809—90) tends to be celebrated by `who said it first' writers as the man who assisted the `birth of bipolar disorder'. This view is based on the anachronistic claim that Baillarger's `insanity with a double form', Kraepelin's `das manisch-depressive Irresein', Leonhard's concept of Bipolarität and DSM-IV's `Bipolar I and Bipolar II' Disorder somehow constitute an incremental approximation to the same `disease'. Baillarger is important because he was a high profile conceptual interlocutor in the great 19-century debates on hallucinations, hypochondria, language disorders, General Paralysis of the Insane, cretinism and goitre. Classic Text No. 75 is a translation of Baillarger's important 1853 paper on the classification of madness, and it is a good illustration of the popular method of top-to-bottom psychiatric taxonomy. Written before psychiatrists felt the need to conceal the theoretical nature of the exercise behind a farrago of `empirical evidence', it shows how hidden assumptions govern the way in which the boundaries of mental disorders are actually drawn.
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