Significant advances have been made in the treatment of both hepatitis B and C. Cure for the majority is becoming reality. Combination regimens are now established therapy in hepatitis C and the near future will see the adoption of a similar approach to hepatitis B. Interferon alpha therapy remains important, with the development of more efficacious pegylated forms. In this article we review current therapy and discuss future strategies of the therapy for chronic viral hepatitis.
AgnelloVChungRT & KaplanLM (1992) A role for hepatitis C virus infection in type II cryoglobulinemia. New England Journal of Medicine327: 1490–1495.
2.
AyeTTBartholomeuszAShawTBowdenSBreschkinAMcMillanJAngusP & LocarniniS (1997) Hepatitis B virus polymerase mutations during antiviral therapy in a patient following liver transplantation. Journal of Hepatology26: 1148–1153.
3.
BartenschlagerR (1997) Candidate targets for hepatitis C virus-specific antiviral therapy. Intervirology40: 378–393.
4.
BartholomewMMJansenRWJeffersLJReddyKRJohnsonLCBunzendahlHCondreayLDTzakisAGSchiffER & BrownNA (1997) Hepatitis-B-virus resistance to lamivudine given for recurrent infection after orthotopic liver transplantation. Lancet349: 2022.
5.
BennettWGInoueYBeckJRWongJBPaukerSG & DavisGL (1997) Estimates of the cost-effectiveness of a single course of interferon-alpha 2b in patients with histologically mild chronic hepatitis C. Annal of Internal Medicine27: 855–865.
6.
BodenheimerHCJrLindsayKLDavisGLLewisJHThungSN & SeeffLB (1997) Tolerance and efficacy of oral ribavirin treatment of chronic hepatitis C: A multicenter trial. Hepatology26: 473–477.
7.
BoninoFOliveriFColombattoPCocoBMuraDRealdiG & BrunettoMR (1999) Treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C and cirrhosis. Journal of Hepatology31 (Suppl. 1): 197–200.
8.
BonkovskyHL & WoolleyJM (1999) Reduction of health-related quality of life in chronic hepatitis C and improvement with interferon therapy. The Consensus Interferon Study Group. Hepatology29: 264–270.
9.
BoothJCFosterGRKumarUGalassiniRGoldinRDBrownJL & ThomasHC (1995) Chronic hepatitis C virus infections: Predictive value of genotype and level of viraemia on disease progression and response to interferon alpha. Gut36: 427–432.
10.
BrookMGChanGYapIKarayiannisPLeverAMJacynaMMainJ & ThomasHC (1989) Randomised controlled trial of lymphoblastoid interferon alfa in Europid men with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. British Medical Journal299: 652–656.
11.
BruggerSAOesterreicherCHofmannHKalhsPGreinixHT & MullerC (1997) Hepatitis B virus clearance by transplantation of bone marrow from hepatitis B immunised donor. Lancet349: 996–997.
12.
CampsJGarciaNRiezu-BojJICiveiraMP & PrietoJ (1993) Ribavirin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C unresponsive to alfa interferon. Journal of Hepatology19: 408–412.
13.
CarrenoV & QuirogaJA (1997) Biological properties of interleukin-12 and its therapeutic use in persistent hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection. Journal of Viral Hepatitis4 (Suppl. 2): 83–86.
14.
CarrenoVMarcellinPHadziyannisSSalmeronJDiagoMKitisGEVafiadisISchalmSWZahmFManzarbeitiaFJimenezFJ & QuirogaJA (1999) Retreatment of chronic hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients with recombinant interferon alfa-2a. The European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (EUROHEP). Hepatology30: 277–282.
15.
ChangTLaCL & LiawC (2000) Incremantal increases in HBeAg seroconversion and continued ALT normalisation in Aisan chronic HBV (CHB) patients treated with lamivudine for 4 years [abstract]. 10th International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease. Atlanta, Ga., USA.
16.
ChooQLKuoGWeinerAJOverbyLRBradleyDW & HoughtonM (1989) Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science244: 359–362.
17.
ColledgeDLocarniniS & ShawT (1997) Synergistic inhibition of hepadnaviral replication by lamivudine in combination with penciclovir in vitro. Hepatology26: 216–225.
18.
DavisGLEsteban-MurRRustgiVHoefsJGordonSCTrepoCShiffmanMLZeuzemSCraxiALingMH & AlbrechtJ (1998b) Interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with ribavirin for the treatment of relapse of chronic hepatitis C. International Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group. New England Journal of Medicine339: 493–1499.
19.
DavisGL (2000) Current therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology118 (Suppl.): S104–S114.
20.
DeufficSBuffatLPoynardT & ValleronAJ (1999) Modeling the hepatitis C virus epidemic in France. Hepatology29: 1596–1601.
21.
DhedinNDouvinCKuentzMMarcSaint MFRemanORieuxCBernaudinFNorolFCordonnierCBobinDMetreauJM & VernantJP (1998) Reverse seroconversion of hepatitis B after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: A retrospective study of 37 patients with pretransplant anti-HBs and anti-HBc. Transplantation66: 616–619.
22.
Di BisceglieAMShindoMFongTLFriedMWSwainMGBergasaNVAxiotisCAWaggonerJGParkY & HoofnagleJH (1992) A pilot study of ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology16: 649–654.
23.
Di BisceglieAMBaconBRKleinerDE & HoofnagleJH (1994) Increase in hepatic iron stores following prolonged therapy with ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Journal of Hepatology21: 1109–1112.
24.
DienstagJLSchiffERMitchellMCaseyDEJrGitlinNLissoosTGelbLDCondreayLCrowtherLRubinM & BrownN (1999a) Extended lamivudine retreatment for chronic hepatitis B: Maintenance of viral suppression after discontinuation of therapy, Hepatology30: 1082–1087.
25.
DienstagJLSchiffERWrightTLPerrilloRPHannHWGoodmanZCrowtherLCondreayLDWoessnerMRubinM & BrownNA (1999b) Lamivudine as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis B in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine341: 1256–1263.
26.
EASL International Consensus Conference on Hepatitis C.Paris, 26–28 February 1999, Consensus Statement. European Association for the Study of the Liver. Journal of Hepatology30: 956–961.
27.
EnomotoNSakumaIAsahinaYKurosakiMMurakamiTYamamotoCIzumiNMarumoF & SatoC (1995) Comparison of full-length sequences of interferon-sensitive and resistant hepatitis C virus 1b. Sensitivity to interferon is conferred by amino acid substitutions in the NS5A region. Journal of Clinical Investigation96: 224–230.
28.
EversonGTJensenDMCraigJRvan LeeuwenDJBainVGEhrinpreisMNAlbertDJohT & WittK (1999) Efficacy of interferon treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis C: Comparison of response in cirrhotics, fibrotics, or nonfibrotics, Hepatology30: 271–276.
29.
FargionSFracanzaniALSampietroMMolteniVBoldoriniRMattioliMCesanaBLunghiGPipernoAValsecchiC & FiorelliG (1997) Liver iron influences the response to interferon alpha therapy in chronic hepatitis C. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology9: 497–503.
30.
FarrellGC (2000) Clinical potential of emerging new agents in hepatitis B. Drugs60: 701–710.
31.
FattovichGGiustinaGRealdiGCorrocherR & SchalmSW (1997) Long-term outcome of hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients with compensated cirrhosis treated with interferon alfa. European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (EUROHEP). Hepatology26: 1338–1342.
32.
FerayCGigouMSamuelDParadisVMishiroSMaertensGReynesMOkamotoHBismuthH & BrechotC (1995) Influence of the genotypes of hepatitis C virus on the severity of recurrent liver disease after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology108: 1088–1096.
33.
FontanaR JIsraelJLeClairPBannerBFTortorelliKGraceNLevineRAFiarmanGThiimMTavillAS & BonkovskyHL (2000) Iron reduction before and during interferon therapy of chronic hepatitis C: Results of a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology31: 730–736.
34.
FosterGRGoldinRDMainJMurray-LyonIHargreavesS & ThomasHC (1997) Management of chronic hepatitis C: Clinical audit of biopsy based management algorithm. British Medical Journal315: 453–458.
35.
FosterGRGoldinRD & ThomasHC (1998) Chronic hepatitis C virus infection causes a significant reduction in quality of life in the absence of cirrhosis. Hepatology27: 209–212.
36.
GilsonRJChopraKBNewellAMMurray-LyonIMNelsonMRRiceSJTedderRSTooleJJaffeHS & WellerIV (1999) A placebo-controlled phase I/II study of adefovir dipivoxil in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Journal of Viral Hepatitis6: 387–395.
37.
GluePFangJWRouzier-PanisRRaffanelCSaboRGuptaSKSalfiM & JacobsS (2000) Pegylated interferon-alpha2b: Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and preliminary efficacy data. Hepatitis C Intervention Therapy Group. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics68: 556–567.
38.
HayashiJKishiharaYUenoKYamajiKKawakamiYFurusyoNSawayamaY & KashiwagiS (1998) Age-related response to interferon alfa treatment in women vs men with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Archives of Internal Medicine158: 177–181.
39.
HeathcoteEJSchalmS & CianciaraJ (1998) Lamivudine and Intron A combinatio treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Journal of Hepatology28 (Suppl. 1): 43.
40.
HinoKOkudaMKonishiTIshikoH & OkitaK (1995) Serial assay of hepatitis C virus RNA in serum for predicting response to interferon-alpha therapy. Dig.Dis.Sci. 40: 14–20.
41.
HofgartnerWTPolyakSJSullivanDGCarithersRLJr & GretchDR (1997) Mutations in the NS5A gene of hepatitis C virus in North American patients infected with HCV genotype 1a or 1b, Journal of Medical Virology53: 118–126.
42.
HonkoopPde ManRAScholteHRZondervanPEVan Den BergJWRademakersLH & SchalmSW (1997a) Effect of lamivudine on morphology and function of mitochondria in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology26: 211–215.
43.
HonkoopPNiestersHGde ManRAOsterhausAD & SchalmSW (1997b) Lamivudine resistance in immunocompetent chronic hepatitis B. Incidence and patterns. Journal of Hepatology26: 1393–1395.
44.
HoofnagleJHMullenKDJonesDBRustgiVDi BisceglieAPetersMWaggonerJGParkY & JonesEA (1986) Treatment of chronic non-A,non-B hepatitis with recombinant human alpha interferon. A preliminary report. New England Journal of Medicine315: 1575–1578.
45.
JacynaMRBrooksMGLokeRHMainJMurray-LyonIM & ThomasHC (1989) Randomised controlled trial of interferon alfa (lymphoblastoid interferon) in chronic non-A non-B hepatitis, British Medical Journal298: 80–82.
46.
JanssenHLGerkenGCarrenoVMarcellinPNaoumovNVCraxiARing-LarsenHKitisGvan HattumJde VriesRAMichielsenPPten KateFJHopWCHeijtinkRAHonkoopP & SchalmSW (1999) Interferon alfa for chronic hepatitis B infection: Increased efficacy of prolonged treatment. The European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (EUROHEP). Hepatology30: 238–243.
47.
JohnsonRJGretchDRYamabeHHartJBacchiCEHartwellPCouserWGCoreyLWenerMHAlpersCE & WillsonR (1993) Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. New England Journal of Medicine328: 465–470.
48.
LaiCLLokASLinHJWuPCYeohEK & YeungCY (1987) Placebo-controlled trial of recombinant alpha 2-interferon in Chinese HBsAg-carrier children. Lancet2: 877–880.
49.
LaiCLChienRNLeungNWChangTTGuanRTaiDINgKYWuPCDentJCBarberJStephensonSL & GrayDF (1998) A one-year trial of lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B. Asia Hepatitis Lamivudine Study Group. New England Journal of Medicine339: 61–68.
50.
LauDTEverhartJKleinerDEParkYVergallaJSchmidP & HoofnagleJH (1997a) Long-term follow-up of patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with interferon alfa. Gastroenterology113: 1660–1667.
51.
LauGKLokASLiangRHLaiCLChiuEKLauYL & LamSK (1997b) Clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen after bone marrow transplantation: Role of adoptive immunity transfer. Hepatology25: 1497–1501.
52.
LeeJHvon WagnerMRothWKTeuberGSarrazinC & ZeuzemS (1998) Effect of ribavirin on virus load and quasispecies distribution in patients infected with hepatitis C virus. Journal of Hepatology29: 29–35.
53.
LeePABlattLMBlanchardKSBouhanaKSPavcoPABellonL, & SandbergJA (2000) Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of a ribozyme directed against hepatitis C virus RNA following subcutaneous or intravenous administration in mice. Hepatology32: 640–646.
54.
LeungNWLaiCL & ChangTT (1999) Three year lamivudine therapy in chronic HBV. Journal of Hepatology30: 59 (Abstract GS5/25).
55.
LiawYFChienRNYehCTTsaiSL & ChuCM (1999) Acute exacerbation and hepatitis B virus clearance after emergence of YMDD motif mutation during lamivudine therapy. Hepatology30: 567–572.
LingRMutimerDAhmedMBoxallEHEliasEDusheikoM & HarrisonTJ (1996) Selection of mutations in the hepatitis B virus polymerase during therapy of transplant recipients with lamivudine. Hepatology24: 711–713.
58.
MainJBrownJLHowellsCGalassiniRCrosseyMKarayiannisPGeorgiouPAtkinsonG & ThomasHC (1996) A double blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the effect of famciclovir on virus replication in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Journal of Viral Hepatitis3: 211–215.
59.
MangiaAMinervaNAnneseMLeandroGVillaniMRSantoroRCarrettaVBaccaDGiangasperoABiscegliaMVentrellaFDell'ErbaG & AndriulliA (2001) A randomized trial of amantadine and interferon versus interferon alone as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology33: 989–993.
60.
MannMPMcHutchisonJGGordonSCSchiffmanML & AlbrechtJK. (2000) PegInterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared to interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis /c:24 week treatment analysis of a multicenter, multinational, phase III randomised controlled trial. Hepatology32: 297A.
61.
MarcellinPGiuilyNLoriotMADurandFSamuelDBettanLDegottCBernuauJBenhamouJP & ErlingerS (1997) Prolonged interferon-alpha therapy of hepatitis B virus-related decompensated cirrhosis. Journal of Viral Hepatitis4 (Suppl. 1): 21–26.
62.
McHutchisonJGGordonSCSchiffERShiffmanMLLeeWMRustgiVKGoodmanZDLingMHCortS & AlbrechtJK (1998) Interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with ribavirin as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group. New England Journal of Medicine339: 1485–1492.
63.
McHutchisonJ (1999) Hepatitis C therapy in treatment-naive patients. American Journal of Medicine107: 56S–61S.
64.
McKenzieRFriedMWSallieRConjeevaramHDi BisceglieAMParkYSavareseBKleinerDTsokosMLucianoCPruetTStotkaJStrausS & HoofwagleJ (1995) Hepatic failure and lactic acidosis due to fialuridine (FIAU), an investigational nucleoside analogue for chronic hepatitis B. New England Journal of Medicine333: 1099–1105.
65.
MilellaMAntonelliGSantantonioTCurrentiMMonnoLMarianoNAngaranoGDianzaniF & PastoreG (1993) Neutralizing antibodies to recombinant alpha-interferon and response to therapy in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Liver13: 146–150.
66.
MunozAELeviDPodestaAGorinJMGonzalezJBartelliniMAMunneMSCabanneAFlichmanD & TergR (2000) Interferon-alpha 2b combined with daily ketoprofen administration improves virological response in chronic hepatitis C: A prospective and randomised trial. Gut46: 427–431.
67.
MusselmanDLLawsonDHGumnickJFManatungaAKPennaSGoodkinRSGreinerKNemeroffCB & MillerAH (2001) Paroxetine for the prevention of depression induced by high-dose interferon alfa. New England Journal of Medicine344: 961–966.
68.
MutimerDPillayDShieldsPCanePRatcliffeDMartinBBuchanSBoxallLO'DonnellKShawJHubscherS & EliasE (2000) Outcome of lamivudine resistant hepatitis B virus infection in the liver transplant recipient. Gut46: 107–113.
69.
NeumannAULamNPDahariHGretchDRWileyTELaydenTJ & PerelsonAS (1998) Hepatitis C viral dynamics in vivo and the antiviral efficacy of interferon-alpha therapy. Science282: 103–107.
70.
NiederauCHeintgesTLangeSGoldmannGNiederauCMMohrL & HaussingerD (1996) Long-term follow-up of HBeAg-positive patients treated with interferon alfa for chronic hepatitis B. New England Journal of Medicine334: 1422–1427.
71.
NishiguchiSShiomiSNakataniSTakedaTFukudaKTamoriAHabuD & TanakaT (2001) Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic active hepatitis C and cirrhosis. Lancet357: 196–197.
72.
NowakMABonhoefferSHillAMBoehmeRThomasHC & McDadeH (1996) Viral dynamics in hepatitis B virus infection, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA93: 4398–4402.
73.
OhkawaKYukiNKanazawaYUedaKMitaESasakiYKasaharaA & HayashiN (1997) Cleavage of viral RNA and inhibition of viral translation by hepatitis C virus RNA-specific hammerhead ribozyme in vitro. Journal of Hepatology27: 78–84.
74.
OlanoJPBoruckiMJWenJW & HaqueAK (1995) Massive hepatic steatosis and lactic acidosis in a patient with AIDS who was receiving zidovudine. Clinical Infectious Diseases21: 973–976.
75.
Ono-NitaSKKatoNShiratoriYLanKHYoshidaHCarrilhoFJ & OmataM (1999) Susceptibility of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus to other reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The Journal of Clinical Investigation103: 1635–1640.
76.
PennaADel PreteGCavalliABertolettiAD'EliosMMSorrentinoRD'AmatoMBoniCPilliMFiaccadoriF & FerrariC (1997) Predominant T-helper 1 cytokine profile of hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid-specific T cells in acute self-limited hepatitis B. Hepatology25: 1022–1027.
77.
PerrilloRPSchiffERDavisGLBodenheimerHCJrLindsayKPayneJDienstagJLO'BrienCTamburroCJacobsonIMSamplinerRFeitDLefkowitchJKuhnsMMeschievitzCSanghviBAlbrechtJ, Gibas A & the Hepatology Interventional Therapy Group (1990) A randomized, controlled trial of interferon alfa-2b alone and after prednisone withdrawal for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. The Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group. New England Journal of Medicine323: 295–301.
78.
PerrilloRSchiffEYoshidaEStatlerAHirschKWrightTGutfreundKLamyP & MurrayA (2000) Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B mutants. Hepatology32: 129–134.
79.
PolSDrissFMichelMLNalpasBBerthelotP & BrechotC (1994) Specific vaccine therapy in chronic hepatitis B infection. Lancet344: 342.
80.
PoynardTMarcellinPLeeSSNiederauCMinukGSIdeoGBainVHeathcoteJZeuzemSTrepoC & AlbrechtJ (1998) Randomised trial of interferon alpha2b plus ribavirin for 48 weeks or for 24 weeks versus interferon alpha2b plus placebo for 48 weeks for treatment of chronic infection with hepatitis C virus. International Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group (IHIT). Lancet352: 1426–1432.
81.
ReddyKRHoofnagleJHTongMJLeeWMPockrosPHeathcoteEJAlbertD & JohT (1999) Racial differences in responses to therapy with interferon in chronic hepatitis C. Consensus Interferon Study Group. Hepatology30: 787–793.
82.
ReichardOAnderssonJSchvarczR & WeilandO (1991) Ribavirin treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Lancet337: 1058–1061.
83.
RodgerAJJolleyDThompsonSCLaniganA & CroftsN (1999) The impact of diagnosis of hepatitis C virus on quality of life. Hepatology30: 1299–1301.
84.
RollinoCRoccatelloDGiachinoOBasoloB & PiccoliG (1991) Hepatitis C virus infection and membranous glomerulonephritis, Nephron59: 319–320.
85.
SangiovanniAMoralesRSpinziGRumiMCasiraghiACerianiRColomboEFossatiMPradaATavaniE & MinoliG (1998) Interferon alfa treatment of HCV RNA carriers with persistently normal transaminase levels: A pilot randomized controlled study. Hepatology27: 853–856.
86.
SchalmSWWeilandOHansenBEMilellaMLaiMYHollanderAMichielsenPPBellobuonoAChemelloLPastoreGChenDS & BrouwerJT (1999) Interferon-ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C with and without cirrhosis: Analysis of individual patient data of six controlled trials. Eurohep Study Group for Viral Hepatitis. Gastroenterology117: 408–413.
87.
SchalmSWHeathcoteJCianciaraJFarrellGShermanMWillemsBDhillonAMooratABarberJ & GrayDF (2000) Lamivudine and alpha interferon combination treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B infection: A randomised trial. Gut46: 562–568.
88.
SchiffERKarayalcinS & GrimmIA (1998) Placebo controlled study of lamivudine and interferon alpha-2b in patients with chronic hepatitis B who previously failed interferon therapy. Journal of Hepatology28 (Suppl.): 388A.
89.
SchiffERCianciaraJKarayalcinSKowdleyKWoessnerMMcMullenSPearceM & BrownN (2000) Durable HBeAg and HBsAg Seroconversions after Lamivudine for chronic Hepatitis B. Journal of Hepatology EASL Supplement: P/C06–12.
90.
SekineRTaketazuFKurokiMTakagiSImawariMKanazawaY & KawakamiM (2000) Fatal hepatic failure caused by chemotherapy-induced reactivation of hepatitis B virus in a patient with hematologic malignanc. International Journal of Hematology71: 256–258.
91.
SeveriniALiuXYWilsonJS & TyrrellDL (1995) Mechanism of inhibition of duck hepatitis B virus polymerase by (–)- beta-L-2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine, Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy39: 1430–1435.
92.
ShiffmanMLHofmannCMContosMJLuketicVASanyalAJSterlingRKFerreira-GonzalezAMillsAS & GarretC (1999) A randomized, controlled trial of maintenance interferon therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis C virus and persistent viremia. Gastroenterology117: 1164–1172.
93.
SmithJP (1997) Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with amantadine. Digestive Diseases and Sciences42: 1681–1687.
94.
SorianoVGarcia-SamaniegoJRodriguez-RosadoRGonzalezJ & PedreiraJ (1999) Hepatitis C and HIV infection: Biological, clinical, and therapeutic implications. Journal of Hepatology31 (Suppl. 1): 119–123.
95.
SquadritoGLeoneFSartoriMNalpasBBerthelotPRaimondoGPolS & BrechotC (1997) Mutations in the nonstructural 5A region of hepatitis C virus and response of chronic hepatitis C to interferon alfa. Gastroenterology113: 567–572.
96.
TassopoulosNCVolpesRPastoreGHeathcoteJButiMGoldinRDHawleySBarberJCondreayL & GrayDF (1999) Efficacy of lamivudine in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-negative/hepatitis B virus DNA-positive (precore mutant) chronic hepatitis B. Lamivudine Precore Mutant Study Group. Hepatology29: 889–896.
97.
ThurszMYallopRGoldinRTrepoC & ThomasHC (1999) Influence of MHC class II genotype on outcome of infection with hepatitis C virus. The HENCORE group. Hepatitis C European Network for Cooperative Research. Lancet354: 2119–2124.
98.
TrepoCJezekPAtkinsonGBoonR & YoungC (2000) Famciclovir in chronic hepatitis B: Results of a dose-finding study, Journal of Hepatology32: 1011–1018.
99.
VogelW (1999) Treatment of acute hepatitis C virus infection, Journal of Hepatology31 (Suppl 1.):189–192.
100.
YaoFYOsorioRWRobertsJPPoordadFFBricenoMNGarcia-KennedyR & GishRR (1999) Intramuscular hepatitis B immune globulin combined with lamivudine for prophylaxis against hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation. Liver Transplant Surgery5: 491–496.
101.
YeeLJTangJGibsonAWKimberlyRvan LeeuwenDJ & KaslowRA (2001) Interleukin 10 polymorphisms as predictors of sustained response in antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C infection. Hepatology33: 708–712.
102.
YingCDe ClercqE & NeytsJ (2000) Lamivudine, adefovir and tenofovir exhibit long-lasting anti-hepatitis B virus activity in cell culture. Journal of Viral Hepatitis7: 79–83.
103.
YoshidaEMErbSRPartoviNScudamoreCHChungSWFrighettoLEggenHJ & SteinbrecherUP (1999) Liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B infection with the use of combination lamivudine and low-dose hepatitis B immune globulin. Liver Transplant Surgery5: 520–525.
104.
YounossiZMMullenKDZakkoWHodnickSBrandEBarnesDSCareyWDMcCulloughACEasleyKBoparaiN & GramlichT (2001) A randomized, double-blind controlled trial of interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin vs. interferon alpha-2b and amantadine for treatment of chronic hepatitis C non-responder to interferon monotherapy. Journal of Hepatology34: 128–133.
105.
ZeuzemSHopfUCarrenoVDiagoMShiffmanMGruneSDudleyFJRakhitARittwegerKYapSHKoffRS & ThomasHC (1999) A phase I/II study of recombinant human interleukin- 12 in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology29: 1280–1287.
106.
ZeuzemSFeinmanSVRasenackJHeathcoteEJLaiMYGaneEO'GradyJReichenJDiagoMLinAHoffmanJ & BrundaMJ (2000a) Peginterferon alfa-2a in patients with chronic hepatitis C, New England Journal of Medicine343: 1666–1672.
107.
ZeuzemSTeuberGNaumannUBergTRaedleJHartmannS & HopfU (2000b) Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of interferon alfa2a with and without amantadine as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology32: 835–841.