This paper explores local environmental problems at both the household and neighbourhood levels in Chittagong, based on a broad spectrum household survey. The survey shows that households in poor areas are very exposed to localized environmental problems and thus necessarily develop a wide range of coping strategies around the living space. Yet poorer households are less likely to express their concerns about neighbourhood environmental issues, despite experiencing many problems at this level. This paper investigates the interface between household and neighbourhood environmental problems.
Ahmed, S. and M.M. Rahman ( 2001), "Problems and prospects of informal plastic recycling industries in Dhaka city", Development Review Vol 13, No 1 and 2, pages 118-134.
2.
Amin, M.O. ( 2006), "Status of water and sanitation services in Chittagong Water Supply and Sewerage Authority, Bangladesh", Paper presented at the Capacity-building Workshop on Partnerships for Improving the Performance of Water Utilities in Asia and the Pacific Region, organized by UNDESA and UNESCAP, 25-27 July, UNCC, Bangkok.
3.
Ashraf, M.A. ( 1995), Slums in Chittagong City: Strategy for Improvement , Report prepared for the Task Force for Slum Improvement , Healthy Project Chittagong, WHO, Geneva.
4.
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) (2001 ), Urban Area Report of Bangladesh 1991, Volume 1, Ministry of Planning, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka .
5.
Burton, S. ( 1999), "Evaluation of healthy city project: stakeholder analysis of two projects in Bangladesh", Environment and Urbanization Vol 11, No 1, April, pages 41-52.
6.
Centre for Urban Studies (CUS), National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT) and MEASURE Evaluation (2006 ), Slums of Urban Bangladesh: Mapping and Census 2005, Dhaka, Bangladesh, and Chapel Hill, USA.
7.
Chittagong City Corporation (CCC) (2004), Solid Waste Management, accessible at www.bdix.net .
8.
Chittagong City Corporation (CCC) (2005), Budget 2005-2006, Chittagong City Corporation .
9.
Chittagong Development Authority (CDA) (1999 ), Chittagong Metropolitan Master Plan (1995-2015), Urban Development Plan, Chittagong Development Authority, Bangladesh Gazette , Dhaka.
10.
Chowdhury, A.U. ( 2004), Modern Chittagong and CDA (in Bengali), Balaka, Chittagong.
11.
Dfid (2004), "Rural and urban development case study - Bangladesh", Oxford Policy Management , accessible at www.passlivelihoods.org.uk .
12.
Hardoy, J.E., D. Mitlin and D. Satterthwaite ( 2001), Environmental Problems in an Urbanizing World , Earthscan Publications Ltd., London, UK, and Sterling VA, USA, 448 pages.
13.
Hasna, M.K. ( 1995), "Street hydrant project in Chittagong low-income settlement ", Environment and Urbanization Vol 7, No 2, October, pages 207-218.
14.
Islam, N., M N Huda, F Narayan and P.B. Rana ( 1997), Addressing the Urban Poverty Agenda in Bangladesh: Critical Issues and 1995 Survey Findings, published for the Asian Development Bank, University Press Limited, Dhaka.
15.
Jacobi, P., M. Kjellen and Y. Castro ( 1998), Household Environmental Problems in São Paulo: Perceptions and Solutions from Centre to Periphery, Urban Environment Series Report No 5, Stockholm Environment Institute with SIDA .
16.
McGranahan, G. ( 2007), "Urban transitions and the spatial displacement of environmental burdens", in P J Marcotullio and G McGranahan (editors), Scaling Urban environmental Challenges: From Local to Global and Back, Earthscan with UNU-IAS and IIED, UK, pages 18-44.
17.
McGranahan, G. and J. Songsore ( 1994), "Wealth, health and the urban household", Environment Vol 36, No 6, pages 4-11.
18.
McGranahan, G., P. Jacobi, J. Songsore, C. Surjadi and M. Kjellen ( 2001), The Citizens at Risk: From Urban Sanitation to Sustainable Cities, Earthscan, London, 240 pages.
19.
Montgomery, M.R. and P.C. Hewett ( 2004), "Urban poverty and health in developing countries: household and neighbourhood effects", accessible at http://web.mit.edu .
20.
Montgomery, M R, R Stren , B Cohen and H E Reed (editors) (2004), Cities Transformed: Demographic Change and its Implications in the Developing World, Earthscan Publications Ltd., London, UK, and Sterling VA, USA.
21.
Onwujekwe, O., K. Hanson and J. Fox-Rushby ( 2004), "Inequalities in purchase of mosquito nets and willingness to pay for insecticide-treated nets in Nigeria: challenges for malaria control interventions", Malaria Journal Vol 3, No 6, pages 1-8.
22.
Paul, A. and M.M. Rahman ( 2006), "Cyclone mitigation perspectives in the islands of Bangladesh: a case study of Sandwip and Hatia islands", Coastal Management Vol 34, pages 199-215.
23.
Quddusi, Kazi ( 2007), "Chittagong on the precipice", The Daily Star Vol 5, No 1080, 15 June.
24.
Rahman, M.M. ( 2008), "Urban environmental problems in Bangladesh: a case study of Chittagong city", unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Geography, University of Hull, UK, downloadable from http://edocs.hull.ac.uk/muradora/objectView.action?pid=hull:1617 .
25.
Rahman, M.M. and S. Ahmed ( 2004), "Myths and realities of sanitation facilities for the urban poor in Dhaka city, Bangladesh", Oriental Geographer Vol 48, No 2, pages 47-60.
26.
Rahman, M.M., A.M. Dewan and M.S. Islam ( 2001), "Degradation of urban environment: a case study of citizens’ perception in Chittagong city", Oriental Geographer Vol 45, No 1, pages 36-52.
27.
Rahman, M.M. and A S M Mahbub-Un-Nabi ( 2002), "Governmental-managed and non-governmental-managed water supply and sanitation facilities for urban poor: planning strategies for future development", in F M Ahmed , S A Tanveer and A B M Badruzzaman (editors), Bangladesh Environment 2002, Volume 2, Bangladesh Poribesh Andolon (BAPA), Dhaka, pages 619-641.
28.
Shahriar, H. ( 1998), "Polythene and plastic use in Bangladesh", in G Philip (editor), Bangladesh Environment: Facing the 21st Century, Society for Environment and Human Development (SEHD), Dhaka, pages 226-229.
29.
Songsore, J. and G. McGranahan ( 1993), "Environment, wealth and health: towards an analysis of intra-urban differentials within the greater Accra metropolitan area, Ghana ", Environment and Urbanization Vol 5, No 2, October, pages 10-34.
30.
Stephens, C. ( 1995), "The urban environment, poverty and health in developing countries", Health Policy and Planning Vol 10, No 2, pages 109-121.
31.
Surjadi, C. ( 1988), "Health of the urban poor in Indonesia", Urban Health Problem Study Group Paper No 29, Atma Jaya Research Centre, Jakarta.
32.
Taker, M.A. ( 1997), "City report: Chittagong City Corporation", submitted to the second study course on specific fields of urban policy conducted by the Asian Urban Centre of Kobe, Japan, 28 September-12 October, accessible at www.auick.org.
33.
Ullah, H. ( 2006), "Lots of mini-WASAs in Chittagong city" (in Bengali) , The Daily Prothom Alo, accessible at www.prothom-alo.com.www.dhpe.org.
34.
Yunus, E.B., A.M. Bangali, M A H Mahmood, M.M. Rahman, A.R. Chowdhury and K.R. Talukder ( 2001), "Dengue outbreak 2000 in Bangladesh: from speculation to reality and exercises", Dengue Bulletin Vol 25, pages 15-20.
