Statistical modelling and optimization of print quality and mechanical properties of customized tubular scaffolds fabricated using solvent-based extrusion 3D printing process

Abstract

Tissue-engineered tubular scaffolds offer huge potential to heal or replace the diseased organ parts like blood vessels, trachea, oesophagus and ureter. However, manufacturing these scaffolds in various scales and shapes is always challenging and requires progressive technology. Developing a flexible and accurate manufacturing method is a major developmental direction in the field of tubular scaffold fabrication. In this context, the present work presents a novel solvent-based extrusion 3D printing which allows extruding over a rotating mandrel to fabricate tubular scaffolds of polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyurethane (PU). Experimental runs were planned as per the central composite design (CCD) to evaluate the effects of input parameters like infill density, layer thickness, print speed and percentage of PU on the output responses like printing quality and mechanical characteristics. The printing quality was quantified by measuring average surface roughness of the printed scaffolds and mechanical properties were evaluated by measuring radial compressive load, and percentage of elongation. The experimental investigations revealed that printing quality was improved at higher infill densities and was deteriorated at higher print speeds and layer thicknesses. Similarly, the radial compressive load was improved with the increase in infill density and was decreased with an increase in layer thickness, print speed and percentage of PU. The percentage of elongation was found to improve at higher infill densities and percentages of PU and was reduced with an increase in layer thickness and print speed. Additionally, a multi-objective optimization using Genetic Algorithm was used to evaluate the optimum conditions to minimize surface roughness and maximizing radial compression load and percentage of elongation. Finally, a case study was performed by comparing the mechanical properties of tubular organs and scaffolds from the existing reports and results of the present work.