Dynamic characteristics and reliability of elastomeric pads are dominant components in the design methodology to satisfy the performance parameters under dynamic operations. The fatigue life of rubber pads fitted with elastomeric pads mainly depends upon elastomers; natural rubber, chloroprene, nitrile butadiene, silicon compounds, etc., additives, accelerators, activators, fillers, anti-degradants, and manufacturing processes. The performance of the elastomeric pad is evaluated based on service operation, simulation, and laboratory testing. New and failed elastomeric (EM) pads have been examined in the Indian Rubber Manufacturer’s Research Association IRMRA laboratory for detailed failure analysis of existing EM pads. Further, chemical and physical properties are also evaluated in M&C (Metallurgical and Chemical) and Testing Directorate of Research Designs and Standards Organization (RDSO), labs respectively. The fatigue life of the EM pad is estimated based on the results extracted from the Finite Element (FE) analysis of the EM pad. An attempt is made to modify the design of the EM pad by considering the results of detailed field trials, lab testing, and FE analysis. The modified design satisfies the dynamic characteristic during FE (Structural and Thermal) analysis and lab testing.
W-20-Misc.-95 (Revision-4). Indian railways specification of elastomeric pad. Lucknow, India: RDSO, Ministry of Railways, 2022.
2.
LakesR. Viscoelastic aterials. New York, NY: United States of America, Cambridge University Press, 2009.
3.
Alan GentN. Engineering with rubber: how to design rubber components. Munich: Hanser Publishers, 2012.
4.
JonesDIG. Handbook of viscoelastic vibration damping. West Sussex, England: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, 2001.
5.
BergM. A non-linear rubber spring model for rail vehicles. Veh Syst Dyn1998; 30(3–4): 197–212.
6.
ShiHWuP. A nonlinear rubber spring model containing fractional derivatives for use in railroad vehicle dynamic analysis. Proc IMechE Part F: J Rail & Rapid Transit2015; 230(7): 1745–1759.
7.
HamzaMNAlwanHM. Hyperelastic constitutive modeling of rubber and rubber like materials under finite strain. Engineering Technical Journal2010; 28(13): 2560–2575.
8.
Cristina RezendeRGrecoMFrancisco LaloD. Numerical analysis of an elastomeric bearing pad by hyperelastic models. Revista de la Construcción2020; 19 (3): 301–310.
9.
EsmailJFMohamedmekiMZAjeelAE. Using the uniaxial tension test to satisfy the hyperelastic material simulation in ABAQUS. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng2020; 888(012065): 1–12.
10.
SaddamKAl-RaheemMJJweegAK, et al.Design and construction of device for rubber material fatigue test. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng2021; 1094 (012173): 1–12.
11.
Ahmad PartoviM. Numerical analysis of elastomer buffer embedded in the suspension of automobile for vibration damping improvement. Int J Adv Eng Technol2018; 7 (1): 65–75.
12.
KrishnamoorthyRRSaleheenZrEffendyA, et al.The Effect of Rubber Pads on The Stress Distribution for Concrete Railway Sleepers. IOP Conf Ser : Mater Sci Eng2018; 431(112007): 1–9.
13.
SachinSHSharmaSCPrakash HarshaS. Modal analysis of pre-stressed draft pad of freight wagons using finite element method, Journal of Modern Transportation2015; 23: 43–49.
14.
ŠťastniakPMoravčíkMBaranP, et al.Computer-aided structural analysis of newly developed railway bogie frame. MATEC Web of Conferences2018; 157: 1–10.
15.
SanjayDShukla and Manish Pandey. Weight reduction of bottom centre bearing plate of freight rolling stock. Int J Exp Diabetes Res2017; 5(1): 271–280.
16.
ShuklaSGuptaRVyasNS. Weight reduction in an Indian railway CASNUB bogie bolster considering fatigue strength’, Int J Veh Struct Syst2010; 2(3): 102–109.
17.
ParkJYoonJWSoH, et al.Finite element modeling and durability evaluation for rubber pad forming process. International Deep Drawing Research Group 38th Annual Conference, Materials Science, and Engineering2019; 651 (012096): 1–9.
18.
MarsWVFatemiA. A literature survey on fatigue analysis approaches for rubber. Int J Fatig2002; 24, (9): 49–961.
19.
SuryatalBPhakatkarHRajkumarK. Fatigue life estimation of an elastomeric pad by ε-N Curve and FEA, J Surf Eng Mater Adv Technol2015; 5 (2): 85–92.
20.
WilliamV. Mars and David Ostberg. Fatigue damage analysis of an elastomeric tank track component. In: SIMULIA Community Conference, Findlay, OH, 21-22 February 2012: Endurica LLC. 1–14.
21.
WooCSKimWD. Fatigue lifetime prediction methodology of rubber components. WIT Trans Built Environ2008; 97: 285–293.
22.
SangeethaNMohanrajK. Research on design and method to predict fatigue life of an anti-vibration mount, Int J Eng Adv Technol2019; 8 (6S): 540–544.
23.
FanWWangYCaiS. Fatigue fracture of a highly stretchable acrylic elastomer. Journal of Polymer Testing2017; 61: 373–377.
24.
KujawskiDDi StefanoDBradfordW. Development of laboratory testing apparatus and fatigue analysis for tracked vehicle rubber backer pads. Symposium2012; 22: 1–9.
25.
YoungDG. Application of energy-based fatigue crack growth to elastomer compound development. In: Elastomer service life symposium September 1998. Akron University, pp. 1–14.
26.
VeronikaTS. Literature survey of fatigue analysis approaches of vehicle components made of rubber under the influence of temperature, International Scientific Journal "Machines. Technologies. Materials2020; XIV (1): 40–43.
27.
LiuLZuoZZhouY, et al.Insights into the Effect of WJ-7 Fastener Rubber Pad to Vehicle-Rail-Viaduct Coupled Dynamics. J Appl Sci2020; 10(5): 1–19.
28.
LengDXuKQinL, et al.A Hyper-elastic creep approach and characterization analysis for rubber vibration systems. Journal of Polymers2019; 11(6): 1–19.
29.
ArthurRJohnsonATzi-KangC. Coupled thermo-mechanical analysis of dynamically loaded rubber cylinders. In 32nd International SAMPE Technical Conference.Boston, MA, 2000.
30.
SjöbergM. On Dynamic Properties of Rubber Isolators, In Ph. D. Thesis, The Marcus Wallenberg Laboratory for Sound and Vibration Research. Sweden: Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Vehicle Engineering, 2002.
31.
LuoWYoujianHYinB, et al.Fatigue Life Assessment of Filled Rubber by Hysteresis Induced Self-Heating Temperature, MDPI Journal of Polymers2020; 22: 1–10.
32.
YoshidaY. Elastocaloric effect on natural rubber and terpolymer: Temperature variation mechanism, morphology and energy balance during deformation. Ph.D. Thesis. Yukihiro YOSHIDA, Amphithéâtre: INSA Lyon, 2016.
33.
ZhangJFengxianXWangY, et al.R Soc Open Sci, 2018; 5(10): 1–19.
34.
TengWTanFShiH. Experimental study of high/low-temperature effects on the dynamic performance of rubber spring for railway vehicles. J Phys: Conf Ser2019; 1213(5): 1–7.
35.
LuukkonenASarlinEVillmanV, et al.Heat generation in dynamic loading of ybrid rubber-steel composite structure, In ICCM 17 Edinburgh, 17th International Conference On Composite Materials. Edinburgh, 27-31 July 2009, pp. 1–11.
36.
HalladayJRJaglowskiKT. Sources of hysteresis in rubber compounds. Rubber Plast News2017; 22: 13–17.
37.
ZhangJXueFWangY, et al.Strain energy-based rubber fatigue life prediction under the influence of temperature. R Soc Open Sci2018; 5(10): 1–13.
38.
RodriguezOO. The effect of heat generation in the railroad bearing Thermoplastic elastomer suspension element on the Thermal behavior of railroad bearing assembly. Master of Science Engineering. Ph.D. Thesis: Graduate College of The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 2018.
39.
XuCMao-RuChiADaiL, et al.Calculation of Nonlinear Stiffness of Rubber Pad under Different Temperatures and Pre-pressures. Hindawi Shock and Vibration2020; 8140782: 1–10.
40.
IRMRA/ICON/rdsol/SM/20-21/SCJ–28. Indian Rubber Manufacturer’s Research Association Report. Thane, Maharastra (India): IRMRA, 2021.
41.
M&C/RP/WC/III/2. Research designs and standards organization M&C directorate. Manak Nagar, Lucknow, (India): Government of India, Ministry of Railways, RDSO, 2021.
42.
RDSO/2021/TG/MT- 1812/L. Research designs and standards organization testing directorate. Manak Nagar, Lucknow, (India): Government of India, Ministry of Railways, RDSO, 2021.
43.
RDSO/2021/TG/MT-1815/L, 15. Research designs and standards organization testing directorate. Manak Nagar, Lucknow, (India): Government of India, Ministry of Railways, RDSO, 2021.
44.
RDSO/2021/TG/MT- 1828/L. Research designs and standards organization testing directorate. Manak Nagar, Lucknow, (India): Government of India, Ministry of Railways, RDSO, 2021.
45.
ShuklaSGuptaRVyasNS. Parametric study of suspension elements for ride index analysis of an Indian railway freight vehicle. Int J Veh Struct Syst2010; 1(4): 70–77.
46.
A Handbook of ASTM standards rubber products, industrial specifications, and related test methods1984; 9.02: 145–146.
47.
StantonJFRoederCW. National cooperative highway research program report. In: Elastomeric bearings design, construction, and materials. Washington D.C: Transportation Research Board; 1992.
48.
GentANLindleyPB. The Compression of bonded rubber blocks. Instn. Mech. Engres Proc1959; 173(1): 111–122.
49.
Spitz. The Design and behavior of elastomeric bearing pads. Die SivieleIngenieur in Suid Mrka. Suid-Afrika: Director. Freyssinet SA (Ply) Ltd. Olifantsfontein. Transvaal, 1978.
