This paper examines the impact of hexagonal boron nitride (h-bn) microparticles on the physico-mechanical properties of polyaryletherketone (PAEK) composites. A silane coupling agent is applied to the h-bn particles to enhance interfacial adhesion to the PAEK matrix. Extrusion and injection molding are used to produce the composites. The tensile modulus of h-bn/PAEK composites increased up to 12 wt%, after which the mechanical properties of the composite decreased with increasing weight percentages. The mechanical properties of h-bn/PAEK composites demonstrated a regular trend of increasing hardness, tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength with varying weight percentages until 8 wt. Moreover, the addition of 8 wt% h-bn increased the PAEK composite's tensile, flexural, and impact strengths by 7.9%, 11%, and 40.8%, respectively. Besides, 12 wt% and 8 wt% h-bn reinforced composites show improvements in tensile modulus and flexural modulus of 35.2% and 12.4%, respectively. The impact strength of h-bn/PAEK composites depends on the crack propagation mechanism in addition to filler loading and polymer filler interface strength, it showed a more complex response. The PAEK composites with 8 wt% h-bn particles are the most advantageous for enhancing mechanical properties.
PetersEN. Engineering thermoplastics—materials, properties, trends. In: Applied plastics engineering handbook. Boston, MA: William Andrew Publishing, 2017, pp.3–26.
2.
RemananMKannanMRaoRS, et al.Microstructure development, wear characteristics and kinetics of thermal decomposition of hybrid nanocomposites based on poly aryl ether ketone, boron carbide and multi walled carbon nanotubes. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater2017; 27: 1649–1663.
3.
VeazeyDHsuTGomezED. Next generation high-performance carbon fiber thermoplastic composites based on polyaryletherketones. J Appl Polym Sci2017; 134.
4.
JoshiMDGoyalAPatilSM,et al.Tribological and thermal properties of hexagonal boron nitride filled high-performance polymer nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci2017; 134.
5.
DoumengMBerthetFDelbéK, et al.Effect of size, concentration, and nature of fillers on crystallinity, thermal, and mechanical properties of polyetheretherketone composites.J Appl Polym Sci2022; 139: 51574.
6.
MaheshKVBalanandSRaimondR, et al.Polyaryletherketone polymer nanocomposite engineered with nanolaminated Ti3SiC2 ceramic fillers. Mater Des2014; 63: 360–367.
7.
PandaJNBijweJPandeyRK. Role of micro and nano-particles of hBN as a secondary solid lubricant for improving tribo-potential of PAEK composite. Tribol Int2019; 130: 400–412.
8.
AyrilmisNDundarTKaymakciA, et al.Mechanical and thermal properties of wood-plastic composites reinforced with hexagonal boron nitride. Polym Compos2014; 35: 194–200.
9.
MistryMRandhawaKS. Investigations of the influence of hexagonal boron nitride particulates on mechanical & tribological properties of PA66. J Phys Conf Series2020, December; 1706: 012180.
10.
FarooqMUJanRAzeemM, et al.Enhanced mechanical properties of functionalized BN nanosheets-polymer composites. J Poly Res2020; 27: 1–9.
11.
JanRMayPBellAP, et al.Enhancing the mechanical properties of BN nanosheet-polymer composites by uniaxial drawing. Nanoscale2014; 6: 4889–4895.
12.
WangXPakdelAZhiC, et al.High-yield boron nitride nanosheets from ‘chemical blowing’: towards practical applications in polymer composites. J Phys Condens Matter2012; 24: 314205.
13.
FangHBaSWongCP. Thermal, mechanical and dielec tric properties of flexible BN foam and BN nanosheets reinforced polymer composites for electronic packaging application. Composites: Part A2017; 100: 71–80.
14.
LiuF, et al.Cheap, gram-scale fabrication of BN nanosheets via substitution reaction of graphite powders and their use for mechanical reinforcement of polymers. Sci Rep2014a; 4: 1–8.
15.
KadiyalaAKBijweJ. Investigations on performance and failure mechanisms of high temperature thermoplastic polymers as adhesives. Int J Adhes Adhes2016; 70: 90–101.
16.
KadiyalaAKBijweJKalappaP. Investigations on influence of nano and micron sized particles of SiC on performance properties of PEEK coatings. Surf Coat Technol2018; 334: 124–133.
17.
KadiyalaAKBijweJKalappaP. High temperature performance of composite adhesives based on PEEK and boron carbide particles. Polym Compos2019; 40: 2473–2481.
18.
RongCMaG, et al.Effect of carbon nanotubes on the mechanical properties and crystallization behaviour of poly (ether ether ketone). Compos Sci Technol2010; 70(2): 380–386.
19.
SongLZhangHZhangZ,et al.Processing and performance improvements of SWNT paper reinforced PEEK nanocomposites. Composites: Part A2007; 38: 388–392.
20.
HwangGLShiehYTHwangKC. Efficient load transfer to polymer-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes in polymer composites. Adv Funct Mater2004; 14: 487–491.
21.
Koval’chukAAShevchenkoVGShchegolikhinAN, et al.Effect of carbon nanotube functionalization on the structural and mechanical properties of polypropylene/MWCNT composites. Macromolecules2008; 41: 7536–7542.
22.
YooHJJungYCChoJW. Effect of interaction between poly(ethylene terephthalate) and carbon nanotubes on the morphology and properties of their nanocomposites. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys2008; 46: 900–910.
23.
DengFOgasawaraTTakedaN. Tensile properties at different temperature and observation of micro deformation of carbon nanotubes–poly(ether ether ketone) composites. Compos Sci Technol2007; 67: 2959–2964.
24.
OgasawaraTTsudaT, et al.Stress–strain behaviour of multi-walled carbon nanotube/PEEK composites. Compos Sci Technol2011; 71: 73–78.
25.
KhalajMZarabi GolkhatmiSAlemSAA, et al.Recent progress in the study of thermal properties and tribological behaviors of hexagonal boron nitride-reinforced composites. J Compos Sci2020; 4: 116.
26.
YanHTangYSuJ,et al.Enhanced thermal and mechanical properties of polymer composites with hybrid boron nitride nanofillers. Appl Phys A2014; 114: 331–337.
27.
ZhouWZuoJZhangX,et al.Thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of hexagonal boron nitride reinforced epoxy composites. J Compos Mater2014; 48: 2517–2526.
28.
LiMWangMHouX, et al.Highly thermal conductive and electrical insulating polymer composites with boron nitride. Composites B Eng2020; 184: 107746.
29.
CheewawuttipongWFuokaDTanoueS, et al.Thermal and mechanical properties of polypropylene/boron nitride composites. Energy Proc2013; 34: 808e17.
30.
ZhangXShenLWuH,et al.Enhanced thermally conductivity and mechanical properties of polyethylene (PE)/boron nitride (BN) composites through multistage stretching extrusion. Compos Sci Technol2013; 89: 24–28.
31.
ZhouSXuTJinL, et al.Ultraflexible polyamide imide films with simultaneously improved thermal conductive and mechanical properties: design of assembled well-oriented boron nitride nanosheets. Compos Sci Technol2022; 219: 109259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2022.109259
32.
SirajNHashmiSARVermaS. State-of-the-art review on the high-performance poly (ether ether ketone) composites for mechanical, tribological and bioactive characteristics. Poly Adv Technol2022; 33: 3049–3077.
33.
GanDLuSSongC,et al.Mechanical properties and frictional behavior of a mica-filled poly (aryl ether ketone) composite. Europ Polym J2001; 37: 1359–1365.
34.
PandaJNBijweJPandeyRK. Optimization of graphite contents in PAEK composites for best combination of performance properties. Compos Part B: Eng2019; 174: 106951.
35.
PandaJNBijweJPandeyRK. Role of micro and nano-particles of hBN as a secondary solid lubricant for improving tribo-potential of PAEK composite. Tribol Int2019; 130: 400–412.
36.
PandaJNBijweJPandeyRK. Tribo-performance enhancement of PAEK composites using nano/micro-particles of metal chalcogenides. Compos Sci Technol2018; 167: 7–23.
37.
RoyPSailajaRRN. Mechanical, thermal and bio-compatibility studies of PAEK-hydroxyapatite nanocomposites. J Mech Beh Biomed Mater2015; 49: 1–11.
38.
PuhanDBijweJParidaT,et al.Investigations on performance properties of nano-micro composites based on polyetherketone, short carbon fibers and hexa-boron nitride. Sci Adv Mater2015; 7: 1002–1011.
39.
MaheshKVBalanandSRaimondR, et al.Polyaryletherketone polymer nanocomposite engineered with nanolaminated Ti3SiC2 ceramic fillers. Mater Des2014; 63: 360–367.
40.
MuratovDSVanyushinVKoshlakovaVA, et al.Improved mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene filled with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) particles. J Alloy Comp2024; 972: 172882.
41.
ASTM D792-20. Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement.
42.
ASTM D2734-16. Standard Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plastics.
43.
ASTM D2240-15. Standard Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hardness. West Conshohoken, PA, USA: ASTM International), 2021.
44.
ASTM D638-14. Standard test method for tensile properties of plastics trans. West Conshohocken, PA, United States: ASTM International.
45.
ASTM D790-17. Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, United States.
46.
ASTM D256-23. Standard Test Methods for Determining the Izod Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastics.
47.
MordinaBTiwariRK. A comparative study of mechanical and tribological properties of poly(ether ether ketone) composites filled by micro- and nano-Ni and ZrO2 fillers. J Compos Mater2012; 47: 2835–2845.
48.
KuoMCTsaiCMHuangJC,et al.PEEK Composites reinforced by nano-sized SiO2 and Al2O3 particulates. Mater Chem Phys2005; 90: 185–195.
49.
LiaoCZTjongSC. Mechanical and thermal performance of high-density polyethylene/alumina nanocomposites. J Macromol Sci Part B2013; 52: 812–825.
50.
LinsSABRochaMCGd’AlmeidaJRM. Mechanical and thermal properties of high-density polyethylene/alumina/glass fiber hybrid composites. J Therm Comp Mater2019; 32: 1566–1581.
51.
ZhangSCaoXYMaYM, et al.The effects of particle size and content on the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of Al2O3/high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites. Express Polym Lett2011; 5: 581–590.
52.
LiuHWebsterTJ. Mechanical properties of dispersed ceramic nanoparticles in polymer composites for orthopedic applications. Int J Nanomed2010; 5: 299–313.
53.
CostaILZaniniNCMulinariDR. Thermal and mechanical properties of HDPE reinforced with Al2O3 nanoparticles processed by thermokinectic mixer. J Inorg Organ Polym Mater2021; 31: 220–228.
54.
NielsenLLandelR. Mechanical properties of polymers and composites. New York, NY: Marcel Decker, 1994.
55.
NicolaisLNarkisM. Stress-strain behaviour of styrene-acrylonitrile/glass bead composites in the glassy region. Polym Eng Sci1971; 11: 194–199.
56.
ZhangMZengHZhangL, et al.Fracture characteristics of discontinuous carbon fibre-reinforced PPS and PESC composites. Polym Compos1993; 1: 357–365.
57.
WuCLZhangMQRongMZ, et al.Tensile performance improvement of low nanoparticles filled polypropylene composites. Compos Sci Technol2002; 62: 1327–1340.
58.
SinghSSrivastavaVKPrakashR. Characterization of multiwalled carbon nanotube reinforced epoxy resin composites. Mater Sci Technol2013; 29: 1130–1134.
59.
KorichoEGKhomenkoAHaqM. Influence of nano-/microfillers on impact response of glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite. In: Fillers and reinforcements for advanced nanocomposites. MI, USA: Woodhead Publishing, 2015, pp.477–492.
60.
YinSDuYLiangX, et al.Surface coating of biomass-modified black phosphorus enhances flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam and its synergistic mechanism. Appl Surf Sci2023; 637: 157961.
61.
LongJXiMYangP,et al.Mechanisms of metal wettability transition and fabrication of durable superwetting/superhydrophilic metal surfaces. Appl Surf Sci2024; 654: 159497.
62.
LiuHZhangXWangL, et al.One-Pot synthesis of 3- to 15-mer π-conjugated discrete oligomers with widely tunable optical properties. Chin J Chem2021; 39: 577–584.
63.
SuYZhuJLongX, et al.Statistical effects of pore features on mechanical properties and fracture behaviors of heterogeneous random porous materials by phase-field modeling. Int J Sol Struct2023; 264: 112098.
64.
DavimJPCardosoR. Effect of the reinforcement (carbon or glass fibres) on friction and wear behaviour of the PEEK against steel surface at long dry sliding. Wear2009; 266: 795–799.
65.
DavimJPCardosoR. Tribological behaviour of the composite PEEK-CF30 at dry sliding against steel using statistical techniques. Mater Des2006; 27: 338–342.
66.
ZhangGLiaoHCheriguiM, et al.Effect of crystalline structure on the hardness and interfacial adherence of flame sprayed poly (ether–ether–ketone) coatings. Eur Polym J2007; 43: 1077–1082.
67.
DavimJPCardosoR. Effect of the reinforcement (carbon or glass fibres) on friction and wear behaviour of the PEEK against steel surface at long dry sliding. Wear2009; 266: 795–799.
