Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Comfort conditions and air quality in educational buildings can affect students’ performance, achievement and productivity, but they can also threaten their health. In this study, a sample classroom in Trakya University, Edirne, which lacks a ventilation system, is discussed. Depending on the determined parameters, an optimization study was performed using computational fluid dynamics. Predicted mean vote (PMV) for general thermal comfort, draught rate (DR) for local thermal comfort and the carbon dioxide (CO₂) level for indoor air quality are selected as target functions. Outdoor air temperature, heating/ventilation system, insulation thickness, number of people in the classroom and clothing factor were identified as parameters that could affect the target functions. According to the numerical results, the rank of importance of the parameters affecting the target functions was calculated using the Taguchi method. The effect percentages of the parameters were determined using the analysis of variance. Then, all target functions were optimized with the grey relational analysis. The best case obtained as a result of the optimization has PMV, CO₂ and DR values of −0.12, 511 ppm and 5.37%, respectively. When the general results are evaluated, a comfortable and healthy environment is provided in the classroom with the underfloor air distribution system operating at 100% fresh air and a reduced number of occupants.

Keywords

Thermal comfort indoor air quality Taguchi ANOVA grey relational analysis CFD

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Stafford

. Indoor air quality and academic performance. J Environ Econ Manage 2015; 70: 34–50.

Pulimeno

Piscitelli

Colazzo

, et al. Indoor air quality at school and students’ performance: recommendations of the UNESCO Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development & the Italian Society of Environmental Medicine (SIMA). Health Promot Perspect 2020; 10: 169–174.

ASHRAE (Society’s Environmental Health, Committee Position Document). ASHRAE Position Document on Infectious Aerosols. Ashrae 2020; 1: 6–8.

Domínguez-amarillo

Fernández-agüera

Cesteros-garcía

, et al. Bad air can also kill: residential indoor air quality and pollutant exposure risk during the covid-19 crisis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17: 1–34.

Qabbal

Younsi

Naji

. An indoor air quality and thermal comfort appraisal in a retrofitted university building via low-cost smart sensor. Indoor Built Environ 2022; 31: 586–606.

Lei

Tai

Rong

, et al. Environmental parameters and analysis of crowd flow in an academic building of a university. Indoor Built Environ 2021; 30: 39–55.

Jeong

Park

J-H

, et al. A vertical laminar airflow system to prevent aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in building space: computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimental approach. Indoor Built Environ 2022; 31(5): 1319–1338.

Rahman

Narahari

. Analysis of lecturing room using computational fluid dynamics natural and forced ventilation. Int J Eng Res Technol 2014; 3: 653–659.

Lin

Liu

, et al. Systematic summary and analysis of Chinese HVAC guidelines coping with COVID-19. Indoor Built Environ 2022; 31(5): 1176–1192.

10.

Ali. Use of computational fluid dynamic to predict airflow and temperature distribution in a residential building with an under floor air distribution system. Am J Eng Appl Sci 2014; 7: 171–184.

11.

Nada

El-Batsh

Elattar

, et al. CFD investigation of airflow pattern, temperature distribution and thermal comfort of UFAD system for theater buildings applications. J Build Eng 2016; 6: 274–300.

12.

Heidarinejad

Shokrollahi

Pasdarshahri

. An investigation of thermal comfort, IAQ, and energy saving in UFAD systems using a combination of Taguchi optimization algorithm and CFD. Adv Build Energy Res 2020; 15(6): 799–817.

13.

. Numerical simulation of thermal comfort and contaminant transport in air conditioned rooms . PhD Thesis, University of South Florida, 2004.

14.

Fathollahzadeh

Heidarinejad

Pasdarshahri

. Prediction of thermal comfort, IAQ, and energy consumption in a dense occupancy environment with the under floor air distribution system. Build Environ 2015; 90: 96–104.

15.

Alajmi

Baddar

Bourisli

. Thermal comfort assessment of an office building served by under-floor air distribution (UFAD) system - A case study. Build Environ 2015; 85: 153–159.

16.

Rivas

Santiago

Martín

, et al. Impact of natural ventilation on exposure to SARS-CoV 2 in indoor/semi-indoor terraces using CO2 concentrations as a proxy. J Build Eng 2022; 46: 103725.

17.

Hosseini

Shokry

Ahmadian Hosseini

, et al. Evaluation of airflow and thermal comfort in buildings ventilated with wind catchers: simulation of conditions in Yazd city, Iran. Energy Sustain Dev 2016; 35: 7–24.

18.

Mohamed

Al-Khatri

Calautit

, et al. The impact of a passive wall combining natural ventilation and evaporative cooling on schools’ thermal conditions in a hot climate. J Build Eng 2021; 44: 102624.

19.

Foroozesh

Hosseini

Ahmadian Hosseini

, et al. CFD Modeling of the building integrated with a novel design of a one-sided wind-catcher with water spray: focus on thermal comfort. Sustain Energy Technol Assess 2022; 53: 102736.

20.

Nejat

Salim Ferwati

Calautit

, et al. Passive cooling and natural ventilation by the windcatcher (Badgir): an experimental and simulation study of indoor air quality, thermal comfort and passive cooling power. J Build Eng 2021; 41: 102436.

21.

Calautit

Jimenez-Bescos

, et al. Experimental and numerical evaluation of a novel dual-channel windcatcher with a rotary scoop for energy-saving technology integration. Build Environ 2023; 230: 110018.

22.

Fabbri

. Indoor thermal comfort perception. In: A Questionnaire approach focusing on children. New York City, NY, USA: Springer, 2015, pp.3–5.

23.

Fanger

. Thermal comfort. Analysis and applications in environmental engineering. Thermal Comfort Anal Appl Environ Eng 1970; 92: 128–133.

24.

Fanger

Melikov

Hanzawa

, et al. Turbulence and draft. ASHRAE J 1989; 31: 18–25.

25.

ISO. ISO 7730: Ergonomics of the thermal environment: analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria. Management 2005; 3: 537–548.

26.

Mølhave

. Sick building syndrome. In: Encyclopedia of environmental health. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 2019, pp.61–67.

27.

Asif

Zeeshan

Jahanzaib

. Indoor temperature, relative humidity and CO2 levels assessment in academic buildings with different heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems. Build Environ 2018; 133: 83–90.

28.

Suess

. The indoor air quality programme of the WHO regional office for Europe. Indoor Air 1992; 2: 180–193.

29.

Parr

Taguchi

. Introduction to quality engineering: designing quality into products and processes. Technometrics 1989; 31: 55.

30.

Kast

. Applying significance testing to the Taguchi methods of quality control. ProQuest Dissertations Theses 1997: 9–11.

31.

Kaufmann

Schering

. Analysis of Variance ANOVA. In: Wiley statsref: Statistics reference online. New York City, United States: Wiley, 2014, pp.1–18.

32.

Kung

Wen

. Applying grey relational analysis and grey decision-making to evaluate the relationship between company attributes and its financial performance-A case study of venture capital enterprises in Taiwan. Decis Support Syst 2007; 43: 842–852.

33.

Fung

. Manufacturing process optimization for wear property of fiber-reinforced polybutylene terephthalate composites with grey relational analysis. Wear 2003; 254: 298–306.

34.

MGM. No Title, https://www.mgm.gov.tr/ (accessed 1 January 2019).

35.

TS825. Thermal insulation requirements for buildings. Ankara, Turkey: TMMOB, 2008.

36.

Bhaskaran

Collins

. Introduction to CFD Basics. In: Cornell University - Sibley School of mechanical and aerospace engineering. New York, United States: Cornell University 2002, pp.1–21.

37.

Kobayashi

Chen

. Floor-supply displacement ventilation in a small office. In: Indoor and built environment. New York City, United States: Sage, 2003, pp.281–291.

38.

Kurnitski

. Ventilation rate and room size effects on infection risk of. REVHA Journal 2020; 5: 27–31.

39.

ANSI. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010, Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality. Ashrae 2007; 62: 40–48.

40.

Chen

. Comparison of different k-ε models for indoor air flow computations. Numer Heat Transf Part B: Fundamentals 1995; 28: 353–369.

41.

Cengel

Ghajar

. Heat and mass transfer, fundamentals & application. Fifth Edition in SI Units. New York,United States: McGraw-Hill Education, 2015.

42.

Yüce bahadır erman. Ofis ortamında türbülanslı akış modellerinin karşılaştırılması ve çeşitli ısıtma sistemlerinin ısıl konfor indisleri ve gagge modeli kullanılarak sayısal simülasyonu. Bursa, Turkey: Bursa Uludag University, 2019.

43.

Erdoğmuş

. Simulation of the heater test room defined by EN 442 standard and virtual testing og different type of heaters. Izmir: Izmir Institute of Technology, 2011.

44.

Bulińska

Buliński

. A CFD analysis of different human breathing models and its influence on spatial distribution of indoor air parameters. Computer Assist Methods Eng Sci 2015; 22: 213–227.

45.

Haghshenaskashani

Sajadi

Cehlin

. Multi-objective optimization of impinging jet ventilation systems: taguchi-based CFD method. Build Simul 2018; 11: 1207–1214.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.78 MB

CFD-based multi-objective optimization of indoor air quality and thermal comfort in a classroom

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References

Supplementary Material