The degradation of materials by wear is reduced by the wet chemical technique, where a thin film is coated over the surface susceptible to wear. The sol–gel coating method is one of the wet chemical techniques normally employed to improve tribological and anti-corrosive properties. This paper deals with evaluating tribological properties such as coefficient of friction, volumetric wear loss, and corrosive stability of alumina and aluminum silicate-coated aluminum alloy A356. The coating parameters affecting the tribological properties are identified and the experiments are designed using Taguchi orthogonal array and optimized using the Grey relation analysis technique. The tribological characteristics at room temperature are evaluated using a pin on disc tribometer. Among the sol–gel coating parameters chosen for minimizing the effect of wear and coefficient of friction between surfaces, the temperature for heat treatment and pH of the sol–gel are identified as the critical parameters that affect the tribological characteristics. The corrosive stability of the samples has been evaluated by corrosion current, corrosion potential, and corrosive stability methods. It is found that tribological properties and corrosive stability are improved for the coated sample compared with the uncoated sample. It is also observed that alumina coating provides better tribological properties and aluminum silicate coating provides better corrosive stability.
TliliBBarkaouiAWalockM. Tribology and wear resistance of the stainless steel. The sol–gel coating impact on the friction and damage. Tribol Int2016; 102: 348–354.
2.
KumarSNagrajMBongaleA, et al.Deep cryogenic treatment of AISI M2 tool steel and optimisation of its wear characteristics using Taguchi's approach. Arab J Sci Eng2018; 43: 4917–4929.
3.
MishraPPenchaliahR. Synergistic effect of surface texturing and coating on the friction between piston ring and cylinder liner contact. Proc IMechE Part J: J Engineering Tribology2021; 235: 1298–1311.
4.
HossainSZKareemSAAlshaterAF, et al.Effects of cinnamaldehyde as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor on mild steel in aerated NaCl solutions. Arab J Sci Eng2020; 45: 229–239.
5.
VaishnuYPBindu KumarKRaniS. Parameter optimization and wear characteristics of nano CuO/Ni composite coating by brush plating technique. Proc IMechE Part J: J Engineering Tribology2020; 234: 292–300.
ZhangYSiCZhangY, et al.Effect of wear-resistant coatings on the comprehensive performance of finger seal. Proc IMechE Part J: J Engineering Tribology2019; 233: 570–579.
8.
AshwathPXaviorMA. Dry sliding wear behaviour of T6-aluminium alloy composites compared with existing aircraft brake pads. Arab J Sci Eng2021; 46: 1–14.
9.
AnanthapadmanabhanPVThiyagarajanTKSreekumarKP, et al.Co-spraying of alumina–titania: correlation of coating composition and properties with particle behaviour in the plasma jet. Surf Coat Technol2003; 168: 231–240.
10.
ZhangWLiuWLiB, et al.Characterization and tribological investigation of sol–gel titania and doped titania thin films. J Am Ceram Soc2002; 85: 1770–1776.
11.
De SanctisOGomezLPellegriN, et al.Protective glass coatings on metallic substrates. J Non-Cryst Solids1990; 121: 338–343.
12.
De Lima NetoPAtikMAvacaLA, et al.Sol–gel coatings for chemical protection of stainless steel. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol1994; 2: 529–534.
ShaneMMecartneyML. Sol–gel synthesis of zirconia barrier coatings. J Mater Sci1990; 25: 1537–1544.
15.
PiwońskiISoliwodaKKisielewskaA, et al.The effect of the surface nanostructure and composition on the antiwear properties of zirconia–titania coatings. Ceram Int2013; 39: 1111–1123.
16.
CelichowskiGPiwonskiICichomskiM, et al.The influence of methyl group content on tribological properties of organo-silica thin films. Tribol Lett2003; 14: 181–185.
IzumiKMurakamiMDeguchiT, et al.Zirconia coating on stainless steel sheets from organozirconium compounds. J Am Ceram Soc1989; 72: 1465–1468.
19.
HübertTSvobodaSOertelB. Wear resistant alumina coatings produced by a sol–gel process. Surf Coat Technol2006; 201: 487–491.
20.
WangDBierwagenGP. Sol–gel coatings on metals for corrosion protection. Prog Org Coat2009; 64: 327–338.
21.
TiwariSKSahuRKPramanickAK, et al.Development of conversion coating on mild steel prior to sol-gel nanostructured Al2O3 coating for enhancement of corrosion resistance. Surf Coat Technol2011; 205: 4960–4967.
22.
MarsalAAnsartFTurqV, et al.Mechanical properties and tribological behavior of a silica or/and alumina coating prepared by sol–gel route on stainless steel. Surf Coat Technol2013; 237: 234–240.
23.
YinZTaoSZhouX, et al.Tribological properties of plasma sprayed Al/Al2O3 composite coatings. Wear2007; 263: 1430–1437.
24.
FuQCaoC-BZhuH-S. Preparation of alumina films from a new sol–gel route. Thin Solid Films1999; 348: 99–102.
25.
HoumardMNunesEHMVasconcelosDCL, et al.Correlation between sol–gel reactivity and wettability of silica films deposited on stainless steel. Appl Surf Sci2014; 289: 218–223.
26.
EvansPSheelDW. Photoactive and antibacterial TiO2 thin films on stainless steel. Surf Coat Technol2007; 201: 9319–9324.
27.
NabloBJRothrockARSchoenfischMH. Nitric oxide-releasing sol–gels as antibacterial coatings for orthopedic implants. Biomaterials2005; 26: 917–924.
28.
SubasriRMalathiRJyothirmayiA, et al.Synthesis and characterization of CuO-hybrid silica nanocomposite coatings on SS 304. Ceram Int2012; 38: 5731–5740.
29.
TiwariSKMishraTGunjanMK, et al.Development and characterization of sol–gel silica–alumina composite coatings on AISI 316L for implant applications. Surf Coat Technol2007; 201: 7582–7588.
30.
FathiMHDoost MohammadiA. Preparation and characterization of sol–gel bioactive glass coating for improvement of biocompatibility of human body implant. Mater Sci Eng A2008; 474: 128–133.
31.
FuTWenCSLuJ, et al.Sol–gel derived TiO2 coating on plasma nitrided 316L stainless steel. Vacuum2012; 86: 1402–1407.
32.
PermpoonSFalletMBerthoméG, et al.Photo-Induced hydrophilicity of TiO2 films deposited on stainless steel via sol–gel technique. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol2005; 35: 127–136.
33.
VasconcelosDCLCarvalhoJANMantelM, et al.Corrosion resistance of stainless steel coated with sol–gel silica. J Non-Cryst Solids2000; 273: 135–139.
34.
KubisztalJKubisztalMStachS, et al.Corrosion resistance of anodic coatings studied by scanning microscopy and electrochemical methods. Surf Coat Technol2018; 350: 419–427.
35.
VasconcelosDCLNunesEHMSabioniACS, et al.Structural characterization and corrosion behavior of stainless steel coated with sol–gel titania. J Mater Eng Perform2012; 21: 411–417.
36.
WilsonSHawthorneHMYangQ, et al.Sliding and abrasive wear of composite sol–gel alumina coated al alloys. Surf Coat Technol2000; 133–134: 389–396.
37.
PiwońskiISoliwodaK. The effect of ceramic nanoparticles on tribological properties of alumina sol–gel thin coatings. Ceram Int2010; 36: 47–54.
38.
YasakauKACarneiroJZheludkevichML, et al.Influence of sol–gel process parameters on the protection properties of sol–gel coatings applied on AA2024. Surf Coat Technol2014; 246: 6–16.
39.
MileaCABogatuCDutaA. The influence of parameters in silica sol–gel process. Bull Transilv Univ Brasov Eng Sci Ser I2011; 4: 59.
40.
FisherRA. Design of experiments. Br Med J1936; 1: 554–554.
41.
Khalkhali A, Sarmadi M, Sarikhani E. Investigation on the best process criteria for lap joint friction stir welding of AA1100 aluminum alloy via Taguchi technique and ANOVA. Proc IMechE Part E: J Process Mechanical Engineering 2017; 231: 329–342.
42.
LiuSLinY. Grey information: Theory and practical applications. United Kingdom: Springer Science & Business Media, 2006. 512 p.
43.
LiuSForrestJYL. Grey systems: Theory and applications. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media, 2010. 391 p.
44.
TzengG-HHuangJ-J. Multiple attribute decision making: Methods and applications. United States of America: CRC Press, 2011. 352p.
SakkaSKozukaH. Handbook of sol–gel science and technology. 1. Sol–gel processing. United States of America: Springer Science & Business Media, 2005. 716 p.
48.
HenchLLWestJK. The sol–gel process. Chem Rev1990; 90: 33–72.
49.
KumarPKarshPKMisraJP, et al.Multi-objective optimization of machining parameters during green machining of aerospace grade titanium alloy using Grey–Taguchi approach. Proc IMechE Part E: J Process Mechanical Engineering2021; https://doi.org/10.1177%2F09544089211043610.
50.
JakkulaRVSKSethuramalingamP. Study of the heat transfer and analysis of the surface characteristics of robot spray painting by using Taguchi method and ANOVA analysis. Proc IMechE Part E: J Process Mechanical Engineering2021; 236: 609–619.
51.
VermaRKantSSuriNM. Adhesion strength optimization of slurry sprayed mullite-based coating using Taguchi method. Proc IMechE Part E: J Process Mechanical Engineering2016; 230: 87–96.
52.
SivaiahPChakradharD. Modeling and optimization of sustainable manufacturing process in machining of 17-4 pH stainless steel. Measurement2019; 134: 142–152.
53.
JozićSBajićDCelentL. Application of compressed cold air cooling: achieving multiple performance characteristics in end milling process. J Clean Prod2015; 100: 325–332.
54.
KolahanFAzadi MoghaddamM. The use of Taguchi method with grey relational analysis to optimize the EDM process parameters with multiple quality characteristics. Sci Iran2015; 22: 530–538.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
