Recently, hybrid electric vehicles are getting popular as they are both clean and efficient. As one of the hybrid electric powertrains, the battery powered parallel electric-hydraulic hybrid powertrain (PEHHP) is zero emission and has better drive performance. But the energy use of the PEHHP highly depends on the control strategy. A proper energy management strategy is critical for torque distribution and hybrid powertrain efficiency improvement. In this paper, a real-time rule-based strategy is proposed to determine the torque distributions of the PEHHP. The proposed rule-based strategy is based on the component efficiency analysis. And it optimizes the electric motor operating points. Experiments are conducted to show the operation results of the parallel electric-hydraulic hybrid wheel loaders. The powertrain energy use of the proposed rule-based strategy is close to that of the global optimal dynamic programing strategy, with energy use gaps of 2.99%, and 6.10% in simulation and experiment respectively.
RibeiroCBRodellaFHCHoinaskiL.Regulating light-duty vehicle emissions: an overview of US, EU, China and Brazil programs and its effect on air quality. Clean Technol Environ Policy2022; 24(3): 851–862.
DincerIAcarC.A review on clean energy solutions for better sustainability. Int J Energy Res2015; 39(5): 585–606.
6.
LiYAdelekeOPXuX.Methods and applications of energy saving control of in-wheel motor drive system in electric vehicles: a comprehensive review. J Renew Sustain Energy2019; 11(6): 62701.
7.
KumarMSRevankarST.Development scheme and key technology of an electric vehicle: an overview. Renew Sustain Energ Rev2017; 70: 1266–1285.
8.
IbrahimAJiangF.The electric vehicle energy management: an overview of the energy system and related modeling and simulation. Renew Sustain Energ Rev2021; 144: 111049.
9.
SandhuGSFreyHCBartelt-HuntS, et al. Real-world activity, fuel use, and emissions of heavy-duty compressed natural gas refuse trucks. Sci Total Environ2021; 761: 143323.
10.
ZavalaMHuertasJIPratoD, et al. Real-world emissions of in-use off-road vehicles in Mexico. J Air Waste Manag Assoc2017; 67(9): 958–972.
11.
YangJZhangTHongJ, et al. Research on driving control strategy and fuzzy logic optimization of a novel mechatronics-electro-hydraulic power coupling electric vehicle. Energy2021; 233: 121221.
12.
NiuGShangFKrishnamurthyM, et al. Design and analysis of an electric hydraulic hybrid powertrain in electric vehicles. IEEE Trans Transp Electrific2017; 3(1): 48–57.
13.
ZhaoQZhangHXinY.Research on control strategy of hydraulic regenerative braking of electrohydraulic hybrid electric vehicles. Math Probl Eng2021; 2021: 1–9.
14.
HoneyESuhI-S.A feasibility study of an electric–hydraulic hybrid powertrain for passenger vehicles. Proc IMechE, Part D: J Automobile Engineering2015; 229(14): 1894–1906.
15.
SankarkumarRSNatarajanR.Energy management techniques and topologies suitable for hybrid energy storage system powered electric vehicles: an overview. Int Trans Electr Energy Syst2021; 31(4): 1–30.
16.
GeethaASubramaniC.A comprehensive review on energy management strategies of hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles. Int J Energy Res2017; 41(13): 1817–1834.
17.
LiuTTanWTangX, et al. Driving conditions-driven energy management strategies for hybrid electric vehicles: a review. Renew Sustain Energ Rev2021; 151: 111521.
18.
LiXEvangelouSA.Torque-leveling threshold-changing rule-based control for parallel hybrid electric vehicles. IEEE Trans Vehicular Technol2019; 68(7): 6509–6523.
19.
ShabbirWEvangelouSA.Threshold-changing control strategy for series hybrid electric vehicles. Appl Energy2019; 235: 761–775.
20.
LiuYGaoJQinD, et al. Rule-corrected energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicles based on operation-mode prediction. J Clean Prod2018; 188: 796–806.
21.
HofmanTSteinbuchMDrutenRV, et al. Rule-based energy management strategies for hybrid vehicles. Int J Electric Hybrid Vehicles2007; 1(1): 71–94.
22.
ZhangYJiaoXLiL, et al. A hybrid dynamic programming-rule based algorithm for real-time energy optimization of plug-in hybrid electric bus. Sci China Technol Sci2014; 57(12): 2542–2550.
23.
PengJHeHXiongR.Rule based energy management strategy for a series–parallel plug-in hybrid electric bus optimized by dynamic programming. Appl Energy2017; 185: 1633–1643.
24.
ZhangHWangFXuB, et al. Extending battery lifetime for electric wheel loaders with electric-hydraulic hybrid powertrain. Energy2022; 261: 125190.
25.
ZhangQWangFXuB.Study on the energy efficiency performance of a battery-powered hybrid hydrostatic wheel loader. In: 2022 IEEE Global fluid power society PhD symposium (GFPS), Napoli, Italy, 2022.
26.
MaWZhangYLiuC, et al. Prediction method of the fuel consumption of wheel loaders in the V-Type loading cycle. Math Probl Eng2015; 2015: 1–12.
27.
DonateoTNicolazzoA.Preliminary design of a hybrid electric powertrain for a earthmoving machine. Energy Proc2018; 148: 495–502.
