This paper presents a numerical model for evaluating fugitive dust emissions and transport in a near field induced by a moving vehicle. The dust emission model describes the quantity and location of emitted dust. The transport of the dust is recorded by the Lagrangian particle-tracking method, and the turbulence dispersion of particles is modeled stochastically. The presented model is validated numerically for the prediction of dust concentration in a region near the vehicles through a careful comparison with the available experimental data. The simulation results compare reasonably well with the experimental data. This model provides, for the first time, a validated dust emission and transport model suitable for the near field of moving vehicles.
GilliesJEtyemezianVKuhnsH. Effect of vehicle characteristic on unpaved road dust emissions. Atmos Environ2005; 39: 2341–2347.
2.
GilliesJEtyemezianVKuhnsH. Particulate matter emissions factors for dust from unique military activities. Final Report, SERDP Project SI-1399, Department of Defense, Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, Alexandria, Virginia, USA, 2010.
3.
VeranthJPardyjakESeshadriG. Vehicle-generated fugitive dust transport: analytic models and field study. Atmos Environ2003; 37: 2295–2303.
4.
HolsenTDhaniyalaSHopkeP. Fugitive dust emissions: development of a real-time monitor. Limited Scope Report, SERDP Project RC-1728, Department of Defense, Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, Alexandria, Virginia, USA, 2011.
5.
TsaiCJMiawDY. Emission factor of fugitive dust from paved roads in Hsin Chu Taiwan. J Chin Inst Eviron Engng2001; 11(4): 245–252.
6.
EPA. AP-42, Compilation of air pollutant emission factors, Vol I. 5th edition. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency, 2003.
7.
EPA. Miscellaneous sources. In: AP-42, Compilation of air pollutant emission factors, Vol I, ch 13. 5th edition. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency, 2003.
8.
NicklingWGilliesJ. Emission of fine-grained particulates from desert soils. In: SarntheinMLeinenM (eds) Paleoclimatology and paleometeorology: modern and past patterns of global atmospheric transport, NATO Advanced Study Institute Series, Vol 282. Berlin: Springer, 1989, pp. 133–165.
9.
ShaoYRaupachMFindlaterP. The effect of saltation bombardment on the entrainment of dust by wind. J Geophys Res1993; 98: 12 719–12 726.
10.
GilliesJArnottWEtyemezianV. Characterizing and quantifying local and regional particulate matter emissions from Department of Defense installations. Final Report, SERDP Project CP-1191, Department of Defense, Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, Alexandria, Virginia, USA, 2005.
11.
KimBJKemmeMRRoodMJ. Development of emission factors for dust generated by unique military activities. Final Report, SERDP Project SI-1400, Department of Defense, Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, Alexandria, Virginia, USA, 2010.
12.
Measurement Policy Group, EPA. Background document – emission factor documentation for AP-42, unpaved roads, final report, 1998. In: AP-42, Compilation of air pollutant emission factors, Vol I, ch 13, section 13.2.2. 5th edition. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency, 2003.
13.
ChenJFuXWegmanE. Real-time simulation of dust behavior generated by a fast traveling vehicle. ACM Trans Modeling Comput Simulation1999; 9(2): 81–104.
14.
ChenJWegmanEWangJ. Animation of dust behaviors in a networked virtual environment. In: 6th international conference in Central Europe on computer gaphics and visualization, Plzen-Bory, Czech Republic, 9–13 February 1998, pp. 487–494. Plzen: UNION Agency.
15.
MensinkCCollesAJanssenLCornelisJ. Integrated air quality modeling for the assessment of air quality in streets against the council directives. Atmos Environ2003; 37(37): 5177–5184.
SternRYamartinoR. Development and first evaluation of MICRO-CALGRID: a 3-D, urban-canopy-scale photochemical model. Atmos Environ2001; 35: 149–165.
18.
PasquillF. The estimation of the dispersion of windborne material. Meteorol Mag1961; 90: 33–40.
19.
PaumierJOBrodeRW. A comparison of CALPUFF modeling results to two tracer field experiments. Report EPA-454/R-98-009, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA, http://www.epa.gov/scram001/7thconf/calpuff/tracer.pdf (1998).
20.
WilcoxDC. Turbulence modeling for CFD. La Cañada, California: DCW Industries; 1998.
21.
HolmesNMorawskaL. A review of dispersion modeling and its application to the dispersion of particles: an overview of different dispersion models available. Atmos Environ2006; 40: 5902–5928.
TongXLukeESmithR. Sensitivity studies on particle emissions and transport around a moving vehicle. In: 2011 NDIA ground vehicle systems engineering and technology symposium, Modelling & simulation, testing and validation mini-symposium, Dearborn, Michigan, USA, 9–11 August 2011. Arlington, Virginia: NDIA, 2011.
31.
WilsonJ. Turbulent dispersion in the atmospheric surface layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol1982; 22: 399–420.
32.
SawfordB. Lagrangian statistical simulation of concentration mean and fluctuation fields. J Climate Appl Meteorol1985; 24: 1152–1166.
33.
ThomsonD. Criteria for the selection of stochastic models of particle trajectories in turbulent flows. J Fluid Mech1987; 180: 529–556.
34.
ZannettiP. New Monte Carlo scheme for simulating Lagrangian particle diffusion with wind shear effects. Appl Math Modelling1984; 8: 188–192.
35.
SethuramanSMeyersRBrownR. A comparison of a Eulerian and a Lagrangian time scale for over-water atmospheric flows during stable conditions. Boundary-Layer Meteorol1978; 14: 557–565.
36.
HannaS. Lagrangian and Eulerian time-scale relation in the daytime boundary layer. J Appl Meteorol1981; 20: 242–249.
37.
KosIBelusicDJericevicA. Education and research: initial development of the atmospheric Lagrangian particle stochastic (ALPS) dispersion model. Geofizika2004; 21:37–52.
38.
LangstonRMerleRJrEtyemezianV. Clark County paved road dust emission studies in support of mobile monitoring technologies. Final Test Report, US Environmental Protection AgencyWashington, DC, USA, 2003.
39.
KuhnsHGilliesJEtyemezianV. Effect of soil type and momentum on unpaved road particulate matter emissions from wheeled and tracked vehicles. Aerosol Sci Technol2010; 44: 187–196.
40.
NicholsonKBransonJGeissPChannelR. The effects of vehicle activity on particle resuspension. J Aerosol Sci1989; 20: 1425–1428).
41.
VenkatramA. A critique of empirical emission factor models: a case study of the AP-42 model for estimating PM10 emissions from paved roads. Atmos Environ2000; 34: 1–11.
42.
MarcumDL. Unstructured grid generation using automatic point insertion and local reconnection. In: ThompsonJFSoniBKWeatherillNP (eds) Handbook of grid generation. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1998, pp. 1–18.
43.
EtyemezianVGilliesJHuhnsH. Field testing and evaluation of dust deposition and removal mechanisms: final report. Report for the WESTAR Council, Lake Oswego, Oregon, USA, 2003.
