Cladding-based repair has been found to be superior than welding or flame spraying repair approaches in terms of extending die life. In this work, two different alloy powders, that is, CrNiW and CrNiFeAlZr were coated on H13 steel using laser cladding. The laser power, powder feed rate and scanning speed were varied and the clad dimensions, aspect ratio and dilution percentage were measured. The microhardness found in the CrNiW clad is 834 ± 20 HV0.5, which is higher than that of the CrNiFeAlZr clad (780 ± 20 HV0.5) as well as the substrate clad (548 ± 20 HV0.5). CrNiW clad has a higher microhardness than CrNiFeAlZr clad and substrate, indicating that CrNiW laser cladding has a significant impact on microhardness. The interface region for CrNiFeAlZr has 8.33% of C, which is less than the interface region for CrNiW (10.65% of C) so that the microhardness at the interface in CrNiW clad is high. The XRD patterns identified the common phase creation of Ni3C and Fe3C for CrNiFeAlZr and CrNiW coatings, while the oxide formation was only seen in CrNiFeAlZr coatings and the addition of carbon content in the CrNiW clad layer forms WC, Cr23C6, Ni3C and Fe3C. A response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design is used in the optimisation process.
JayakumarKSenthil KumarTShanmugarajanB.Review study of laser cladding processes on ferrous substrates. Int J Adv Multidiscip Res2015; 2: 72–87.
2.
KabirIRYinDTamannaN, et al. Thermomechanical modelling of laser surface glazing for H13 tool steel. Appl Phys A2018; 124: 260–268.
3.
KlobčarDKosecLKosecB, et al. Thermo fatigue cracking of die casting dies. Eng Fail Anal2012; 20: 43–53.
4.
KattirePPaulSSinghR, et al. Experimental characterization of laser cladding of CPM 9V on H13 tool steel for die repair applications. J Manuf Process2015; 20: 492–499.
5.
MarzbanJGhaseminejadPAhmadzadehMH, et al. Experimental investigation and statistical optimization of laser surface cladding parameters. Int J Adv Manuf Technol2015; 76: 1163–1172.
6.
NorhafzanBAqidaSNChikarakaraE, et al. Surface modification of AISI H13 tool steel by laser cladding with NiTi powder. Appl Phys A2016; 122: 384–389.
7.
LeyNJoshiSSZhangB, et al. Laser coating of a CrMoTaWZr complex concentrated alloy onto a H13 tool steel die head. Surf Coat Technol2018; 348: 150–158.
8.
ŞimşekTİzcilerMOzcanŞ, et al. Laser cladding of hot work tool steel (H13) with TiC nanoparticles. Turk J Eng2019; 3: 1–10.
9.
JinkangHYingLXueyangZ, et al. Effects of TiC/CeO2 addition on microstructure and wear resistance of Ni-based composite coatings fabricated by laser cladding on H13 steel. Appl Phys A2019; 125: 390–398.
10.
ChenJXueL.Laser cladding of CPM tool steels on hardened H13 hot-work steel for low-cost high-performance automotive tooling. JOM2012; 64: 688–693.
11.
WallMTPantawaneMVJoshiS, et al. Laser-coated CoFeNiCrAlTi high entropy alloy onto a H13 steel die head. Surf Coat Technol2020; 387: 125473–125480.
12.
XueKNLuHFLuoKY, et al. Effects of Ni25 transitional layer on microstructural evolution and wear property of laser clad composite coating on H13 tool steel. Surf Coat Technol2020; 402: 126488–126497.
13.
FarahmandPKovacevicR.Parametric study and multi-criteria optimization in laser cladding by a high power direct diode laser. Lasers Manuf Mater Process2014; 1: 1–20.
14.
SunYHaoM.Statistical analysis and optimization of process parameters in Ti6Al4V laser cladding using Nd:YAG laser. Opt Lasers Eng2012; 50: 985–995.
15.
RagavendranMChandrasekharNRavikumarR, et al. Optimization of hybrid laser – TIG welding of 316LN steel using response surface methodology (RSM). Opt Lasers Eng2017; 94: 27–36.
16.
LiuSKovacevicR.Statistical analysis and optimization of processing parameters in high-power direct diode laser cladding. Int J Adv Manuf Technol2014; 74: 867–878.
17.
JeyaprakashNYangCH.Comparative study of NiCrFeMoNb/FeCrMoVC laser cladding process on nickel-based superalloy. Mater Manuf Process2020; 35: 1383–1391.
18.
HuangSWNolanDBrandtM.Pre-placed WC/Ni clad layers produced with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser via optical fibres. Surf Coat Technol2003; 165: 26–34.
19.
ChenWLiuBChenL, et al. Effect of laser cladding stellite 6-Cr3C2-WS2 self-lubricating composite coating on wear resistance and microstructure of H13. Metals2020; 10: 785–797.
20.
ZhouJKongD.Friction-wear performances and oxidation behaviors of Ti3AlC2 reinforced Co-based alloy coatings by laser cladding. Surf Coat Technol2021; 408: 126816–126828.
21.
WeiTDejunK.Tribological performance and wear mechanism of laser cladded NiCrAl-WC coatings at high-temperature. Trans Indian Ins Metals2022; 75: 1917–1928.
22.
ChenJXueL.Laser cladding of wear resistant CPM 9V tool steel on hardened H13 substrate for potential automotive tooling applications. Mater Sci Technol2010; 1: 2459–2470.
23.
LuJZCaoJLuHF, et al. Wear properties and microstructural analyses of Fe-based coatings with various WC contents on H13 die steel by laser cladding. Surf Coat Technol2019; 369: 228–237.
24.
YaoFFangL.Thermal stress cycle simulation in laser cladding process of Ni-based coating on H13 steel. Coatings2021; 11: 203–220.
25.
WangGZhangJShuR, et al. High temperature wear resistance and thermal fatigue behavior of Stellite-6/WC coatings produced by laser cladding with Co-coated WC powder. Int J Refract Metals Hard Mater2019; 81: 63–70.
26.
LiWKongD.Effects of TiO2 mass fraction on friction reduction and wear resistance of laser-cladded CrNi alloy coating. J Mater Eng Perform2021; 30: 2280–2290.
27.
ShuFWangBZhaoH, et al. Effects of line energy on microstructure and mechanical properties of CoCrFeNiBSi high-entropy alloy laser cladding coatings. J Therm Spray Technol2020; 29: 789–797.
28.
LeiYSunRTangY, et al. Microstructure and phase transformations in laser clad Cr × Sy/Ni coating on H13 steel. Opt Lasers Eng2015; 66: 181–186.
29.
DingLWangHQuanX.Effect of aging treatment on microstructure and wear resistance of CoCrFeNiTiNbB1.25 high entropy alloy coatings by laser cladding. Appl Phys2022; 128: 235–245.
30.
CuiYShenJManladanSM, et al. Effect of heat treatment on the FeCoCrNiMnAl high-entropy alloy cladding layer. Surf Eng2021; 37: 1532–1540.
31.
ZhangXJieXZhangL, et al. Improving the high-temperature oxidation resistance of H13 steel by laser cladding with a WC/Co-Cr alloy coating. Anti Corros Methods Mater2016; 63: 171–176.
32.
HuangSWSamandiMBrandtM.Abrasive wear performance and microstructure of laser clad WC/Ni layers. Wear2004; 256: 1095–1105.
33.
YaoFFangLChenX.Geometry analysis and microhardness prediction of nickel-based laser cladding layer on the surface of H13 steel. Processes2021; 9: 408–419.
34.
LiuXTLeiWBLiJ, et al. Laser cladding of high-entropy alloy on H13 steel. Rare Metals2014; 33: 727–730.
35.
CuiYShenJManladanSM, et al. Wear resistance of FeCoCrNiMnAlx high-entropy alloy coatings at high temperature. Appl Surf Sci2020; 512: 145736–145750.
36.
JiahongLDejunK.Microstructure and high-temperature friction–wear properties of laser-cladded Cr–Ni–Al2O3–TiO2 composite coating. Trans Indian Ins Metals2019; 72: 2457–2463.
37.
CaiYZhuLCuiY, et al. Fracture and wear mechanisms of FeMnCrNiCo + x(TiC) composite high-entropy alloy cladding layers. Appl Surf Sci2021; 543: 148794–148810.
38.
WeiTDejunK.Effect of laser-clad NiCrAl-SiC coatings on friction-wear performance of AISI H13 steel at high temperature. J Mater Eng Perform2022; 31: 3014–3029.
39.
LianGYaoMZhangY, et al. Analysis and prediction on geometric characteristics of multi-track overlapping laser cladding. Int J Adv Manuf Technol2018; 97: 2397–2407.
40.
NingAMaoWChenX, et al. Precipitation behavior of carbides in H13 hot work die steel and its strengthening during tempering. Metals2017; 7: 70–84.
41.
KarmakarDPGopinathMNathAK.Effect of tempering on laser remelted AISI H13 tool steel. Surf Coat Technol2019; 361: 136–149.
42.
ZhangYHanTFXiaoM, et al. Effect of process parameters on the microstructure and properties of laser-clad FeNiCoCrTi0.5 high-entropy alloy coating. Int J Miner Metall Mater2020; 27: 630–639.
43.
JiangWWangSWangL.High temperature wear performance of laser cladding maraging steel with low nickel on AISI H13 steel. Proc IMechE, Part C: J Mechanical Engineering Science2021; 235: 7264–7272.
44.
WangHLiuQGuoY, et al. MoFe1.5CrTiWAlNbx refractory high-entropy alloy coating fabricated by laser cladding. Intermetallics2019; 115: 106613–106620.
45.
WeixinZDejunK.Microstructure, tribological performances, and wear mechanisms of laser-cladded tic-reinforced NiMo coatings under grease-lubrication condition. Mater Sci2021; 39: 395–409.
46.
YongYWFuWDengQL, et al. Mechanism of Zr in in situ-synthesized particle reinforced composite coatings by laser cladding. Rare Metals2017; 36: 934–941.
