Effect of inclination angle on bioconvection in porous square cavity containing gyrotactic microorganisms and nanofluid

Abstract

The current article investigates the effect of inclination angle on thermo-bioconvection within the porous-square shaped cavity filled with gyrotactic type microorganisms and nanofluid. The Darcy law with Boussinesq estimation is used for the momentum equation in porous media. The transformed governing equations are solved by Galerkin’s method of finite elements. The effect of inclination angle in the square cavity is interpreted by varying the angle from $\delta =0^0$ to $\delta ={180}^0$ . The effect of inclination on different quantities, for instance, Rayleigh number, bioconvective Rayleigh number, Peclet number, Brownian motion, heat source/sink, and ratio of buoyancy, is discussed. Further, the mean quantities of Nusselt number $\left(N{u}_X\right)$ , Sherwood number $\left(S{h}_X\right)$ , and density number $\left(N{n}_X\right)$ are analyzed at vertical walls. A quantitative outcome of the study is that the maximum values of $N{u}_X$ , $S{h}_X$ , and $N{n}_X$ are found for the angle $\delta =\left({30}^0- {60}^0\right)$ and $\delta =\left({120}^0- {150}^0\right)$ .