This study aims to identify the microstructural changes of metal by measuring its natural frequency and damping loss factor. For this purpose, six CK35 steel specimens with ferritic-pearlitic structure were prepared and then, four specimens were spheroidized to significantly change microstructures. Subsequently, the modal testing was applied to determine the vibrational characteristics of specimens with ferrite-pearlite and spheroidized structures, which were identical in terms of size and weight. Experimental results indicated that the dispersion of spheroidized carbides in the ferritic matrix could increase natural frequencies and damping loss factors, such that changing the microstructure of specimens increased the natural frequency and damping loss factor of the first vibration mode by 0.4 (from 3732 to 3747 Hz) and 15%, respectively. Finally, a microstructure-based finite element model was developed to interpret experimental results. The representative volume element (RVE) was modeled using image processing and writing scripts in ABAQUS/CAE 2016. The statistical analysis of stresses calculated by finite element analysis confirmed the results obtained by experimental tests. The numerical results showed that changing microstructures led to considerable changes in stress statistical dispersion, although the mean stress value did not change. Ultimately, the approximate formula of stress-damping could explain significant changes in the damping loss factor.
GrybėnasAMakarevičiusVBaltušnikasA, et al.
Correlation between structural changes of M23C6 carbide and mechanical behaviour of P91 steel after thermal aging. Mater Sci Eng A-Struct2017;
696: 453–460.
2.
PandeyCMahapatraMM.Effect of long-term ageing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of creep strength enhanced ferritic P91 steel. Trans Indian Inst Met2016;
69: 1657–1673.
3.
ZielińskiAGolańskiGSrokaM.Influence of long-term ageing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of T24 steel. Mater Sci Eng A-Struct2017;
682: 664–672.
4.
TavaresSSMDe SouzaJAHerculanoLFG, et al.
Microstructural, magnetic and mechanical property changes in an AISI 444 stainless steel aged in the 560 C to 800 C range. Mater Charact2008;
59: 112–116.
5.
MinamiYKimuraHIharaY.Microstructural changes in austenitic stainless steels during long-term aging. Mater Sci Technol Ser1986;
2: 795–806.
6.
PetterssonNWessmanSThuvanderM, et al.
Nanostructure evolution and mechanical property changes during aging of a super duplex stainless steel at 300 C. Mater Sci Eng A-Struct2015;
647: 241–248.
7.
ZhangYZhanDQiX, et al.
Effect of tempering temperature on the microstructure and properties of ultrahigh-strength stainless steel. J Mater Sci Technol2019;
35: 1240–1249.
8.
ShresthaTAlsagabiSCharitI, et al.
Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and hardness of Grade 91 steel. Metals-Basel2015;
5: 131–149.
9.
WangJZLiuZDBaoHS, et al.
Effect of ageing at 700° C on microstructure and mechanical properties of S31042 heat resistant steel. J Iron Steel Res Int2013;
20: 54–58.
10.
SalmanOOGammerCChaubeyAK, et al.
Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of 316L steel synthesized by selective laser melting. Mater Sci Eng A-Struct2019;
748: 205–212.
11.
HuangWYangJYangH, et al.
Heat treatment of Inconel 718 produced by selective laser melting: microstructure and mechanical properties. Mater Sci Eng A-Struct2019;
750: 98–107.
12.
HuYLLinXZhangSY, et al.
Effect of solution heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 625 superalloy fabricated by laser solid forming. J Alloy Compd2018;
767: 330–344.
13.
MunitzAKaufmanMJNahmanyM, et al.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of heat treated Al1.25CoCrCuFeNi high entropy alloys. Mater Sci Eng A-Struct2018;
714: 146–159.
14.
SchneiderJLundBFullenM.Effect of heat treatment variations on the mechanical properties of Inconel 718 selective laser melted specimens. Addit Manuf2018;
21: 248–254.
15.
MaFWangCLiuP, et al.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti matrix composite reinforced with 5 vol.% TiC after various thermo-mechanical treatments. J Alloy Compd2018;
758: 78–84.
16.
BeroualSBoumerzougZPaillardP, et al.
Effects of heat treatment and addition of small amounts of Cu and Mg on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Si-Cu and Al-Si-Mg cast alloys. J Alloy Compd2019;
784: 1026–1035.
17.
NourooziMMirzadehHZamaniM.Effect of microstructural refinement and intercritical annealing time on mechanical properties of high-formability dual phase steel. Mater Sci Eng A-Struct2018;
736: 22–26.
18.
QiuYPangJCLiSX, et al.
Influence of thermal exposure on microstructure evolution and tensile fracture behaviors of compacted graphite iron. Mater Sci Eng A-Struct2016;
664: 75–85.
19.
TsaiMHChenMSLinLH, et al.
Effect of heat treatment on the microstructures and damping properties of biomedical Mg–Zr alloy. J Alloy Compd2011;
509: 813–819.
20.
ZhangYMaNWangH, et al.
Study on damping behavior of A356 alloy after grain refinement. Mater Design2008;
29: 706–708.
21.
VisnapuuANashRWTurnerPC.Damping properties of selected steels and cast irons. United States. Bureau of Mines,https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/10399 (1987, accessed 16 August 2019).
22.
YadollahpourMKadkhodapourJZiaei-RadS, et al.
An experimental and numerical investigation on damping capacity of nanocomposite. Mater Sci Eng A-Struct2009;
507: 149–154.
23.
JunJHChoiCS.The influence of Mn content on microstructure and damping capacity in Fe–(17∼23)% Mn alloys. Mater Sci Eng A-Struct1998;
252: 133–138.
24.
LeeDGLeeSLeeY.Effect of precipitates on damping capacity and mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Mater Sci Eng A-Struct2008;
486: 19–26.
25.
ChenSDongXMaR, et al.
Effects of Cu on microstructure, mechanical properties and damping capacity of high damping Mg–1% Mn based alloy. Mater Sci Eng A-Struct2012;
551: 87–94.
26.
MazurZLuna-RamirezAJuárez-IslasJA, et al.
Failure analysis of a gas turbine blade made of Inconel 738LC alloy. Eng Fail Anal2005;
12: 474–486.
27.
KolagarAMTabriziNCheraghzadehM, et al.
Failure analysis of gas turbine first stage blade made of nickel-based superalloy. Case Stud Eng Fail Anal2017;
8: 61–68.
28.
AyatollahiMRDarabiACChamaniHR, et al.
3D micromechanical modeling of failure and damage evolution in dual phase steel based on a real 2D microstructure. Acta Mech Solid Sin2016;
29: 95–110.
29.
GeCDongYMaimaitituersunW.Microscale simulation on mechanical properties of Al/PTFE composite based on real microstructures. Materials2016;
9: 590.
30.
GolozarMA. Phases and crystal structures. In: Saatchi A (ed.) Fundamentals and application of heat treatment of steels and cast irons. 1st ed. Isfahan: IUT Publication, 1998, pp. 20–22.
31.
Fundamental concepts in steel heat treatment. In: Totten GE (ed) Steel heat treatment: metallurgy and technologies. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006, pp. 135–140.
32.
KraussG.Principles of heat treatment of steel.
Materials Park, OH:
ASM international, 1980.
33.
ChandlerH.Heat treater’s guide: practices and procedures for irons and steels.
Materials Park, OH:
ASM international, 1994.
34.
FuZFHeJ. Modal analysis methods – frequency domain. In: Modal analysis. 1st ed. London: Elsevier, 2001, pp. 162–164.
35.
EwinsDJ. Modal parameter extraction methods. In: Roberts JB (ed) Modal testing: theory and practice. 2nd ed. Letchworth: Research Studies Press, 2000, pp. 306–308.
36.
Martínez-AyusoGFriswellMIAdhikariS, et al.
Homogenization of porous piezoelectric materials. Int J Solids Struct2017;
113–114: 218–229.
37.
CheLGotohMHorimotoY, et al.
Characterization of deformability of spheroidal cementite by residual stress measurement. J Mater Eng Perform2008;
17: 445–453.
38.
KimSAJohnsonWL.Elastic constants and internal friction of martensitic steel, ferritic-pearlitic steel, and α-iron. Mater Sci Eng A-Struct2007;
452–453: 633–639.
39.
YoungMLAlmerJDDaymondMR, et al.
Load partitioning between ferrite and cementite during elasto-plastic deformation of an ultrahigh-carbon steel. Acta Mater2007;
55: 1999–2011.
40.
ToribioJGonzálezBMatosJC, et al.
Influence of microstructure on strength and ductility in fully pearlitic steels. Metals-Basel2016;
6: 318.
41.
JiangCSrinivasanSGCaroA, et al.
Structural, elastic, and electronic properties of Fe 3 C from first principles. J Appl Phys2008;
103: 043502.
42.
YasudaYOhashiT.Crystal plasticity analyses of scale dependent mechanical properties of ferrite/cementite lamellar structure model in pearlite steel wire with Bagaryatsky or Pitsch-Petch orientation relationship. ISIJ Int2016;
56: 2320–2326.
43.
SunCTVaidyaRS.Prediction of composite properties from a representative volume element. Compos Sci Technol1996;
56: 171–179.
44.
BerthelotJM, et al. Elastic behavior of unidirectional composite materials. In: Rimrott FP, Darlow MS and Costello GA, (eds) Composite materials: mechanical behavior and structural analysis. 1st ed. New York: Springer, 1999, pp. 172–173.
45.
DieterGE. The material selection process (section 4). In: ASM handbook, volume 20-materials selection and design. Materials Park, OH: ASM International, 1997, pp. 624–626.
46.
OrbanF.Damping of materials and members in structures. In: Journal of physics: conference series, Pécs, Hungary, 31 May to3 June 2010. Bristol: IOPScience.
47.
AdamsRD.The damping characteristics of certain steels, cast irons and other metals. J Sound Vib1972;
23: 199–216.
