One of the limiting factors in the life of lithium-ion batteries is the diffusion-induced stresses on their electrodes that cause cracking and consequently, failure. Therefore, improving the structure of these electrodes to be able to withstand these stresses is one of the ways that can extend the life of the batteries as well as improve their safety. In this study, the effects of adding graphene nanoplatelets and microparticles into the active plate and current collectors, respectively, on the diffusion induced stresses in both layered and bilayered electrodes are numerically investigated. The micromechanical models are employed to predict the mechanical properties of both graphene nanoplatelet-reinforced Sn-based nanocomposite active plate and silica microparticle-reinforced copper composite current collector. The effect of particle size and volume fraction in the current collector on diffusion induced stresses has been studied. The results show that in electrodes with a higher volume fraction of particles and smaller particle radii, decreased diffusion induced stresses in both the active plate and the current collector are observed. These additions will also result in a significant decrease in the bending of the electrode.
GuoBYuXSunX-G, et al.
A long-life lithium-ion battery with a highly porous TiNb2O7 anode for large-scale electrical energy storage. Energy Environ Sci2014;
7: 2220–2226.
5.
WhittinghamMS.Chalcogenide battery. U.S. Patent 4,009,052, issued February 22, 1977.
6.
JacobsonAJWhittinghamMSRichSM.New iron sulfur cathodes for nonaqueous lithium batteries. J Electrochem Soc1979;
126: 887–891.
7.
WhittinghamMS.The role of ternary phases in cathode reactions. J Electrochem Soc1976;
123: 315–320.
8.
RuiXZhaoXLuZ, et al.
Olivine-type nanosheets for lithium ion battery cathodes. Acs Nano2013;
7: 5637–5646.
9.
HuangXYuHChenJ, et al.
Ultrahigh rate capabilities of Lithium-Ion batteries from 3D ordered hierarchically porous electrodes with entrapped active nanoparticles configuration. Adv Mater2014;
26: 1296–1303.
YazamiRTouzainP.A reversible graphite-lithium negative electrode for electrochemical generators. J Power Sources1983;
9: 365–371.
12.
VanimisettiSKRamakrishnanN.Effect of the electrode particle shape in Li-ion battery on the mechanical degradation during charge–discharge cycling. Proc IMechE, Part C: J Mechanical Engineering Science2012;
226: 2192–2213.
13.
PouyanmehrRHassanzadeh-AghdamMKDeylamiHM, et al.
Influences of carbon nanotubes in tin nanocomposite active plate on the diffusion induced stresses and curvature in bilayer lithium-ion battery electrodes. Solid State Ion2020;
349: 115315.
14.
ScrosatiBHassounJSunY-K.“Lithium-ion batteries. A look into the future. Energy Environ Sci2011;
4: 3287–3295.
15.
ScrosatiBGarcheJ.“Lithium batteries: Status, prospects and future. J Power Sources2010;
195: 2419–2430.
HassounJPaneroSSimonP, et al.
High-rate, long-life Ni–Sn nanostructured electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. Adv Mater2007;
19: 1632–1635.
18.
ChoiJWAurbachD.Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities. Nat Rev Mater2016;
1: 16013.
19.
BiensanPSimonBPeresJP, et al.
On safety of lithium-ion cells. J Power Sources1999;
81–82: 906–912.
20.
DioufBPodeR.Potential of lithium-ion batteries in renewable energy. Renew Energy2015;
76: 375–380.
21.
LuxSFSchappacherFBalducciA, et al.
Low cost, environmentally benign binders for lithium-ion batteries. J Electrochem Soc2010;
157: A320–A325.
22.
ThackerayMMJohnsonCSVaugheyJT, et al.
Advances in manganese-oxide ‘composite’ electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. J Mater Chem2005;
15: 2257–2267.
23.
WangXZhouXYaoK, et al.
A SnO2/graphene composite as a high stability electrode for lithium ion batteries. Carbon2011;
49: 133–139.
24.
LiuDChenWShenX.Diffusion-induced stresses in graphene-based composite bilayer electrode of lithium-ion battery. Compos Struct2017;
165: 91–98.
25.
LuoJ-YCuiW-JHeP, et al.
Raising the cycling stability of aqueous lithium-ion batteries by eliminating oxygen in the electrolyte. Nat Chem2010;
2: 760–765.
26.
WangYYiJXiaY.Recent progress in aqueous lithium-ion batteries. Adv Energy Mater2012;
2: 830–840.
MeyerWH.Polymer electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. Adv Mater1998;
10: 439–448.
29.
SongJYWangYYCv WanC.Review of gel-type polymer electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. J Power Sources1999;
77: 183–197.
30.
SuoLXueWGobetM, et al.
Fluorine-donating electrolytes enable highly reversible 5-V-class Li metal batteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2018;
115: 1156–1161.
31.
ChoudhurySArcherLA.Lithium fluoride additives for stable cycling of lithium batteries at high current densities. Adv Electron Mater2016;
2: 1500246.
32.
FergusJW.Ceramic and polymeric solid electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. J Power Sources2010;
195: 4554–4569.
33.
MukhopadhyayASheldonBW.Deformation and stress in electrode materials for Li-ion batteries. Progr Mater Sci2014;
63: 58–116.
34.
ZhangJLuBSongY, et al.
Diffusion induced stress in layered Li-ion battery electrode plates. J Power Sources2012;
209: 220–227.
35.
HugginsRANixWD.Decrepitation model for capacity loss during cycling of alloys in rechargeable electrochemical systems. Ionics2000;
6: 57–63.
36.
Garcı́aREChiangY-MCraig CarterW, et al.
Microstructural modeling and design of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. J Electrochem Soc2005;
152: A255–A263.
37.
ChristensenJNewmanJ.Stress generation and fracture in lithium insertion materials. J Solid State Electrochem2006;
10: 293–319.
38.
ChristensenJ.Modeling diffusion-induced stress in Li-ion cells with porous electrodes. J Electrochem Soc2010;
157: A366–A380.
39.
ChengY-TVerbruggeMW.Evolution of stress within a spherical insertion electrode particle under potentiostatic and galvanostatic operation. J Power Sources2009;
190: 453–460.
40.
DeshpandeRChengY-TVerbruggeMW.Modeling diffusion-induced stress in nanowire electrode structures. J Power Sources2010;
195: 5081–5088.
41.
BowerAFGuduruPR.A simple finite element model of diffusion, finite deformation, plasticity and fracture in lithium ion insertion electrode materials. Modell Simul Mater Sci Eng2012;
20: 045004.
42.
GolmonSMauteKLeeS-H, et al.
Stress generation in silicon particles during lithium insertion. Appl Phys Lett2010;
97: 033111.
43.
RaccichiniRVarziAPasseriniS, et al.
The role of graphene for electrochemical energy storage. Nat Mater2015;
14: 271–279.
44.
BrownsonDAKampourisDKBanksCE.An overview of graphene in energy production and storage applications. J Power Sources2011;
196: 4873–4885.
45.
HuangXZengZFanZ, et al.
Graphene‐based electrodes. Adv Mater2012;
24: 5979–6004.
46.
SongM-KChengSChenH, et al.
Anomalous pseudocapacitive behavior of a nanostructured, mixed-valent manganese oxide film for electrical energy storage. Nano Lett2012;
12: 3483–3490.
47.
LeeJ-HLeeSPaikU, et al.
Aqueous processing of natural graphite particulates for lithium-ion battery anodes and their electrochemical performance. J Power Sources2005;
147: 249–255.
48.
WuZ-SRenWWenL, et al.
Graphene anchored with Co3O4 nanoparticles as anode of lithium ion batteries with enhanced reversible capacity and cyclic performance. ACS Nano2010;
4: 3187–3194.
49.
PaekS-MYooEJooHonmaI.Enhanced cyclic performance and lithium storage capacity of SnO2/graphene nanoporous electrodes with three-dimensionally delaminated flexible structure. Nano Lett2009;
9: 72–75.
50.
SethuramanVAChonMJShimshakM, et al.
In situ measurements of stress evolution in silicon thin films during electrochemical lithiation and delithiation. J Power Sources2010;
195: 5062–5066.
51.
XiangHZhangKJiG, et al.
Graphene/nanosized silicon composites for lithium battery anodes with improved cycling stability. Carbon2011;
49: 1787–1796.
52.
LiangBLiuYXuY.Silicon-based materials as high capacity anodes for next generation lithium ion batteries. J Power Sources2014;
267: 469–490.
53.
GuoBShuJWangZ, et al.
Electrochemical reduction of nano-SiO2 in hard carbon as anode material for lithium ion batteries. Electrochem Commun2008;
10: 1876–1878.
54.
FanYWangJTangZ, et al.
Effects of the nanostructured SiO2 coating on the performance of LiNi0. 5Mn1. 5O4 cathode materials for high-voltage Li-ion batteries. Electrochimica Acta2007;
52: 3870–3875.
55.
HaoFFangD.Reducing diffusion-induced stresses of electrode–collector bilayer in lithium-ion battery by pre-strain. J Power Sources2013;
242: 415–420.
56.
ZhangX-yHaoFChenH-s, et al.
Diffusion-induced stresses in transversely isotropic cylindrical electrodes of lithium-ion batteries. J Electrochem Soc2014;
161: A2243–A2249.
57.
ZhangX-YHaoFChenH-S, et al.
Diffusion-induced stress and delamination of layered electrode plates with composition-gradient. Mech Mater2015;
91: 351–362.
58.
LiDLiZSongY, et al.
Analysis of diffusion induced elastoplastic bending of bilayer lithium-ion battery electrodes. Appl Math Mech-Engl Ed2016;
37: 659–670.
59.
CrankJ.The mathematics of diffusion.
Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1979.
60.
GurtinMEWeissmüllerJLarcheF.A general theory of curved deformable interfaces in solids at equilibrium. Philosoph Mag A1998;
78: 1093–1109.
61.
TakayanagiMUemuraSMinamiS.Application of equivalent model method to dynamic rheo-optical properties of crystalline polymer. J Polym Sci C Polym Symp2007;
5: 113–122.
62.
FedotovA.Interface model of homogenization for analysing the influence of inclusion size on the elastic properties of composites. Compos Part B: Eng2018;
152: 241–247.
63.
DuanHLYiXHuangZP, et al.
A unified scheme for prediction of effective moduli of multiphase composites with interface effects: part II—application and scaling laws. Mech Mater2007;
39: 94–103.
64.
ShenoyVB.Size-dependent rigidities of nanosized torsional elements. Int J Solids Struct2002;
39: 4039–4052.
65.
RafieeMARafieeJWangZ, et al.
Enhanced mechanical properties of nanocomposites at low graphene content. ACS Nano2009;
3: 3884–3890.
66.
BakamalAAnsariRHassanzadeh-AghdamMK.Bending, free vibration, and buckling responses of chopped carbon fiber/graphene nanoplatelet-reinforced polymer hybrid composite plates: an inclusive microstructural assessment. Proc IMechE, Part C: J Mechanical Engineering Science. Epub ahead of print 21 July 2020. DOI: 10.1177/0954406220942783.
67.
AffdlJCHalpinJL.KardosThe Halpin‐Tsai equations: a review. Polym Eng Sci1976;
16: 344–352.
68.
QiYHectorLGJamesC, et al.
Lithium concentration dependent elastic properties of battery electrode materials from first principles calculations. J Electrochem Soc2014;
161: F3010–F3018.
69.
KimYHKimCWChaHG, et al.
Preparation and characterization of Cu–SiO2 nanocomposite. Mol Cryst Liquid Cryst2007;
472: 217–607.
70.
AbdelAzizTDElalailyNAEzz-EldinFM.Optical and magnetic properties of Cu/SiO2 composite films prepared via γ-irradiation route. J Radiat Res Appl Sci2015;
8: 84–90.
