Biocomposite material are now gaining attention in recent decades, by reinforcing waste biomass as filler, and this will attribute to reduce the agro waste generating pollution as well as creating sustainable products. The present research study aim is to perform a thorough analysis of multiscale polymer composite using onion peel-derived carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and compare them to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in polymer composite. Furthermore, Kevlar fiber is used to provide further reinforcement on hybrid composites. Using an abrasive water jet machine, test specimens are carefully sectioned from the composite plates then, rigorous adherence to ASTM standards is followed for the subsequent characterization, which covers features such as flammability, fatigue, creep strain, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The findings reveal that the composite designation which combines 2 vol.% CQDs with 35 vol.% Kevlar, and epoxy matrix (EKCQ3), exhibits higher fatigue strength. The EKCQ3 shows a 5.6% improvement in 25% UTS, 12.9% improvement in 50% UTS, and 8.7% improvement in 75% UTS fatigue counts when compared to composite designation with 2 vol.% of CNTs. This demonstrates the CQDs composite’s improved fatigue performance. In a similar way, the CQDs in composite produce less creep strain. In particular, with time intervals of 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000, and 10,000 s, the EKCQ3 shows creep strain values of 0.0022, 0.0031, 0.0046, 0.0065, and 0.0085. The composite designation exhibits improved mechanical performance as seen by its high storage modulus of 8.2 GPa in relation to DMA characteristics. All composite designations are flame-retardant in terms of flammability, and flame propagation speeds range from 5 to 9 mm/min. Thus over all, this study underscores a promising potential of CQDs in advancing composite materials for diverse applications in super capacitors, shielding of microwaves and lightweight automotives.
BhatARKumarRMuralPKS. Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites: a comprehensive review of tribo-mechanical properties. Tribol Int2023; 189(6): 108978.
2.
Arun PrakashVRJayaseelanVThulasiramanM, et al. Effect of silicon coupling grafted ferric oxide and e-glass fibre in thermal stability, wear and tensile fatigue behaviour of epoxy hybrid composite. Silicon2020; 12(16): 2533–2544.
3.
DineshTKadirvelAVincentA.Effect of silane modified e-glass fibre/iron (III) oxide reinforcements on UP blended epoxy resin hybrid composite. Silicon2019; 11(3): 2487–2498.
AlshahraniHPathinettampadianGGujbaAK, et al. Effect of palmyra sprout fiber and biosilica on mechanical, wear, thermal and hydrophobic behavior of epoxy resin composite. J Ind Text2022; 52: 15280837221137382.
6.
Ben SamuelJJulyes JaisinghSSivakumarK, et al. Visco-elastic, thermal, antimicrobial and dielectric behaviour of areca fibre-reinforced nano-silica and neem oil-toughened epoxy resin bio composite. Silicon2021; 13(6): 1703–1712.
7.
GiridharanR.Preparation and property evaluation of Glass/Ramie fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Compos B Eng2019; 167: 342–345.
8.
JayabalakrishnanDSaravananKRaviS, et al. Fabrication and characterization of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber and stitched E-glass fibre tailored Nano-silica epoxy resin composite. Silicon2021; 13(8): 2509–2517.
9.
SureshSSaravananPJayamoorthyK, et al. Development of silane grafted ZnO core shell nanoparticles loaded diglycidyl epoxy nanocomposites film for antimicrobial applications. Mater Sci Eng C2016; 64: 286–292.
10.
YaoSLiuHZhangC, et al. Enhanced polysulfides conversion with hybrid bipolar membrane composed of CoSe2 and amide-functionalized CNTs composites for lithium sulfur batteries. J Energy Storage2024; 78: 110087.
11.
AravinthVNavaneethakrishnanVVishvanathperumalS, et al. Effect of modified nanographene oxide (mGO)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) hybrid filler on the cure, mechanical and swelling properties of silicone rubber composites. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater2024; 34(1): 282–301.
12.
Kalaoglu-AltanOIKaragüzel KayaoğluBTrabzonL.Fabrication and characterization of graphene-loaded recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) electrospun composite nanofibrous mats with improved thermal conductivity. Polym Compos2024; 45(1): 709–721.
13.
AndokoAGapsariFWijatmikoI, et al. Performance of carbon fiber (CF)/Ceiba petandra fiber (CPF) reinforced hybrid polymer composites for lightweight high-performance applications. J Mater Res Technol2023; 27: 7636–7644.
14.
HussainKAbbasMLiuJ, et al. Newly designed 3D carbon allotrope with high hardness and strong UV–vis light absorption. J Phys Chem C2024; 128(5): 2247–2254.
15.
TarbiAChtoukiTBouichA, et al. Towards estimating the thermal properties of carbon allotropes and their derivatives: hybridization between the artificial neural network method and the experimental design approach. Results Chem2024; 7: 101295.
16.
LiuHWeiYWuD, et al. A novel 2D carbon allotrope for high-performance metal-ion battery anode material. Mater Sci Semicond Process2024; 173: 108146.
17.
GalhofoDDuarteAPCSilvestreN.All-scale approach to evaluate the elasticity and strength of carbon-allotrope reinforced polyimide. Compos Struct2024; 331: 117841.
18.
HanJYChoiTSKimS, et al. Probing distinct fullerene formation processes from carbon precursors of different sizes and structures. Anal Chem2016; 88(16): 8232–8238.
19.
LangenhorstFCampioneM.Ideal and real structures of different forms of carbon, with some remarks on their geological significance. J Geol Soc2019; 176(2): 337–347.
20.
KurianMPaulA.Recent trends in the use of green sources for carbon dot synthesis–a short review. Carbon Trends2021; 3: 100032.
21.
SaravananKJayabalakrishnanDBhaskarK, et al. Thermally reduced sugarcane bagasse carbon quantum dots and in-plane flax fiber unsaturated polyester composites: surface conductivity and mechanical properties. Biomass Convers Biorefin2024; 14(17): 20949–20958.
22.
SivakumarKSuvithaSkannaSKR, et al. Development of peanut husk carbon quantum dots and ferrite foil epoxy composite for EMI shielding at high frequency bands. Biomass Convers Biorefin2023; 13(6): 5435–5443.
23.
AlshahraniHArun PrakashVR.Electromagnetic interference shielding behavior of hybrid nano Fe3O4/lychee biomass carbon quantum dots-PVA composite at high-frequency bands. J Mater Sci Mater Electron2023; 34(29): 1988.
24.
MistryCRPandianSChoksiH.Investigating the impact of microwave and conventional heating sources on the co-pyrolysis of plastics with non-biomass materials. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis2024; 177: 106364.
25.
ZeleniucOMazaherifarMHCoșereanuC, et al. Date-palm-based sustainable hybrid composite with cotton and Kevlar fibre participation. Appl Sci2024; 14(3): 1008.
26.
PrakosoMWBarorohDNSetswaloK.Water absorption rate of Kenaf Fiber (KF)/ Hydroxiteapatite (HA) in simulated sea water. Mech Explor Mater Innov2024; 1(1): 35–41.
27.
MohitHRangappaSMGapsariF, et al. Effect of bio-fibers and inorganic fillers reinforcement on mechanical and thermal characteristics on carbon-kevlar-basalt-innegra fiber bio/synthetic epoxy hybrid composites. J Mater Res Technol2023; 23: 5440–5458.
28.
TaraghiIFereidoonATaheri-BehroozF.Low-velocity impact response of woven Kevlar/epoxy laminated composites reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes at ambient and low temperatures. Mater Des2014; 53: 152–158.
29.
BigdilouMBEslami-FarsaniREbrahimnezhad-KhaljiriH, et al. Experimental assessment of adding carbon nanotubes on the impact properties of Kevlar-ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fibers hybrid composites. J Ind Text2022; 51(3 Suppl.): 3767S–3785S.
30.
Hosseini AbbandanakSNAbdollahi AzghanMZamaniA, et al. Effect of graphene on the interfacial and mechanical properties of hybrid glass/Kevlar fiber metal laminates. J Ind Text2022; 51(2 Suppl.): 2576S–2593S.
AlshahraniHPrakashVRA. Development of highly flexible electromagnetic interference shielding composites for electronic applications using Cobalt/Hevea brasiliensis seed husk carbon dots/Bamboo microfibre-polyvinyl alcohol. Ind Crops Prod2023; 191: 115967.
33.
HeYDuanKYaoL, et al. Synergistic toughening on CFRP via in-depth stitched CNTs. Compos B Eng2023; 254: 110605.
34.
AnamKPurnowidodoAAnantaB, et al. The Effect of Load Steps and Initial Crack Length on Stress Distribution of Fiber Metal Laminates. Mech Explor Mater Innov2024; 1(2): 54–60.
35.
LatifZShahidKAnwerH, et al. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) modified polymers: a mini review of non-optical applications. Nanoscale2024; 16: 2265–2288.
36.
PalmieriBCilentoFAmendolaE, et al. An investigation of the healing efficiency of epoxy vitrimer composites based on Zn2+ catalyst. Polymers2023; 15(17): 3611.
37.
AhmadJZhouZ.Properties of concrete with addition carbon nanotubes: a review. Constr Build Mater2023; 393: 132066.
38.
JayakumarARadoorSShinGH, et al. Lemon peel-based fluorescent carbon quantum dots as a functional filler in polyvinyl alcohol-based films for active packaging applications. Ind Crops Prod2024; 209: 117968.
39.
OjhaKKGuglianiGFrancisV.Impact and tensile performance of continuous 3D-printed Kevlar fiber-reinforced composites manufactured by fused deposition modelling. Prog Addit Manuf2023; 8(5): 1043–1057.
40.
SamynPBosmansJCosemansP. Benchmark study of epoxy coatings with selection of bio-based phenalkamine versus fossil-based amine crosslinkers. Molecules2023; 28(11): 4259.
41.
JaganiSDaiJAcauanL, et al. Fabrication and characterization of horizontally-aligned carbon nanotube/silicon carbide nanocomposite laminates with ultra-high nanofiber volume fraction. In: ICCM23 international conference on composite materials, 2023.
42.
SunLMiyagiDCaiY, et al. Rational construction of hierarchical nanocomposites by growing dense polyaniline nanoarrays on carbon black-functionalized carbon nanofiber backbone for freestanding supercapacitor electrodes. J Energy Storage2023; 61: 106738.
43.
ChenWTangYSunY, et al. Muscular Kevlar aerogel fibers appealing to thermal insulation with a symbiotic core-sheath structure. Mater Today Commun2023; 36, 106634.
44.
TayfunÜDoğanM. Flame-retardant properties of fullerene and nanodiamond-based polymer nanocomposites. In: Flame retardant nanocomposites. Woodhead Publishing, 2024, pp.263–286.
45.
DiharjoKGapsariFAndokoA, et al. Flammability and thermal resistance of Ceiba petandra fiber-reinforced composite with snail powder filler. Polym Compos2024; 45(6): 4947–4960.
