Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous materials created through the coordination of metal centers with organic linkers. Because of their adjustable structures, high surface areas, and versatile chemistry, they have garnered considerable interest as potential candidates for next-generation energy storage technologies. Due to their exceptional surface area, tunable pore structures, and functional modifiability, MOFs have shown remarkable promise in electrochemical devices, particularly supercapacitors. This survey offers a detailed analysis of the physicochemical properties, preparation methods, and classification of MOFs, emphasizing their role as electroactive materials. The effectiveness, scalability, and environmental sustainability of many manufacturing approaches, such as solvothermal, microwave-assisted, electrochemical, and mechanochemical synthesis, are rigorously evaluated. The article also discusses in situ methods used to investigate ion transport and electrochemical behavior, as well as the microscopic processes of charge storage, including electric double-layer capacitance (EDLC) and pseudo-capacitance. The electrochemical performance of single-metal and mixed-metal MOFs, particularly frameworks based on cobalt and nickel, as well as their potential for synergy in hybrid structures, is given special consideration. Lastly, issues with conductivity, stability, and environmental effect are covered, along with current green synthesis trends and potential future directions for high-performance MOF-based supercapacitor design.
SandhuZARazaMAAwwadNS, et al.Metal–organic frameworks for next-generation energy storage devices; a systematic review. Mater Adv2024; 5(1): 30–50.
2.
WangMDongRFengX. Two-dimensional conjugated metal–organic frameworks (2D c-MOFs): chemistry and function for MOFtronics. Chem Soc Rev2021; 50(4): 2764–2793.
3.
SundriyalSKaurHBhardwajSK, et al.Metal-organic frameworks and their composites as efficient electrodes for supercapacitor applications. Coord Chem Rev2018; 369: 15–38.
4.
CaoZMomenRTaoS, et al.Metal–organic framework materials for electrochemical supercapacitors. Nano-Micro Lett2022; 14(1): 181.
5.
SharmaSChandP. Supercapacitor and electrochemical techniques: a brief review. Results Chem2023; 5: 100885.
6.
CaoZMomenRTaoS, et al.Metal–organic framework materials for electrochemical supercapacitors. Nano-Micro Lett2022; 14(1): 181.
7.
YusufVFMalekNIKailasaSK. Review on metal–organic framework classification, synthetic approaches, and influencing factors: applications in energy, drug delivery, and wastewater treatment. ACS Omega2022; 7(49): 44507–44531.
8.
MuthukumaranMKGovindarajMKogularasuS, et al.Recent advances in metal-organic frameworks for electrochemical sensing applications. Talanta Open2025; 11: 100396.
9.
WangYMaJJinF, et al.Recent advances in the synthesis and application of monolayer 2D metal‐organic framework nanosheets. Small Sci2024; 4(9): 2400132.
10.
ShahzadiSAkhtarMArshadM, et al.A review on synthesis of MOF-derived carbon composites: innovations in electrochemical, environmental and electrocatalytic technologies. RSC Adv2024; 14(38): 27575–27607.
11.
XuKZhangSZhuangX, et al.Recent progress of MOF-functionalized nanocomposites: from structure to properties. Adv Colloid Interface Sci2024; 323: 103050.
12.
LaeimHMolahalliVPrajongthatP, et al.Porosity tunable metal-organic framework (MOF)-based composites for energy storage applications: recent progress. Polymers2025; 17(2): 130.
13.
DuRWuYYangY, et al.Porosity engineering of MOF‐based materials for electrochemical energy storage. Adv Energy Mater2021; 11(20): 2100154.
14.
AbdelkareemMAAbbasQMousellyM, et al.High-performance effective metal–organic frameworks for electrochemical applications. J Sci Adv Mater Devices2022; 7(3): 100465.
15.
LiXWuXTXuQ, et al.Hierarchically ordered pore engineering of metal–organic framework‐based materials for electrocatalysis. Adv Mater2024; 36(27): 2401926.
16.
TianDWangCLuX. Metal–organic frameworks and their derived functional materials for supercapacitor electrode application. Adv Energy Sustain Res2021; 2(7): 2100024.
17.
ChenJLiKYangJ, et al.Hierarchical large-pore MOFs templated from poly (ethylene oxide)-b-polystyrene diblock copolymer with tuneable pore sizes. Chem Commun2022; 58(72): 10028–10031.
18.
LianHMomenRXiaoY, et al.High ionic conductivity motivated by multiple ion‐transport channels in 2D MOF‐based lithium solid state battery. Adv Funct Mater2023; 33(49): 2306060.
19.
WangZWuTZengL, et al.Machine learning relationships between nanoporous structures and electrochemical performance in MOF supercapacitors. Adv Mater2025; 37(15): 2500943.
20.
ShinSJGittinsJWBalhatchetCJ, et al.Metal–organic framework supercapacitors: challenges and opportunities. Adv Funct Mater2024; 34(43): 2308497.
21.
LeeDYLimIShinCY, et al.Facile interfacial charge transfer across hole doped cobalt-based MOFs/TiO 2 nano-hybrids making MOFs light harvesting active layers in solar cells. J Mater Chem A Mater2015; 3(45): 22669–22676.
22.
ChakrabortyDYurdusenAMouchahamG, et al.Large‐scale production of metal–organic frameworks. Adv Funct Mater2024; 34(43): 2309089.
23.
BoukayouhtKBazziLEl HankariS. Sustainable synthesis of metal-organic frameworks and their derived materials from organic and inorganic wastes. Coord Chem Rev2023; 478: 214986.
24.
ZhanGZengHC. Alternative synthetic approaches for metal–organic frameworks: transformation from solid matters. Chem Commun2017; 53(1): 72–81.
25.
AzbellTJPittTAJerozalRT, et al.Simplifying the synthesis of metal–organic frameworks. Acc Mater Res2023; 4(10): 867–878.
26.
BunzenH. Chemical stability of metal‐organic frameworks for applications in drug delivery. ChemNanoMat2021; 7(9): 998–1007.
27.
HashemTSanchezEPVBogdanovaE, et al.Stability of monolithic MOF thin films in acidic and alkaline aqueous media. Membranes2021; 11(3): 207.
28.
YangDGatesBC. Analyzing stabilities of metal–organic frameworks: correlation of stability with node coordination to linkers and degree of node metal hydrolysis. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces2024; 128(21): 8551–8559.
29.
QadirNSaidSABahaidarahHM. Structural stability of metal organic frameworks in aqueous media–controlling factors and methods to improve hydrostability and hydrothermal cyclic stability. Microporous Mesoporous Mater2015; 201: 61–90.
30.
SuYYuanGPangY. Recent progress in strategies for preparation of metal-organic frameworks and their hybrids with different dimensions. 2023.
31.
BhuyanAAhmaruzzamanM. Metal-organic frameworks: a new generation potential material for aqueous environmental remediation. Inorg Chem Commun2022; 140: 109436.
32.
GłowniakSSzczęśniakBChomaJ, et al.Mechanochemistry: toward green synthesis of metal–organic frameworks. Mater Today2021; 46: 109–124.
33.
SudDKaurG. A comprehensive review on synthetic approaches for metal-organic frameworks: from traditional solvothermal to greener protocols. Polyhedron2021; 193: 114897.
34.
KevatSLadV. Green synthesis of zirconium-based MOF-808 by utilizing sustainable synthesis approaches. J Organomet Chem2023; 999: 122832.
35.
SunJ. Productivity increase and process innovation for Scaling-Up zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) polycrystalline membranes. Texas A&M University, 2019.
36.
PhanPTHongJTranN, et al.The properties of microwave-assisted synthesis of metal–organic frameworks and their applications. Nanomaterials2023; 13(2): 352.
37.
AsgharAIqbalNNoorT, et al.Efficient electrochemical synthesis of a manganese-based metal–organic framework for H2 and CO2 uptake. Green Chem2021; 23(3): 1220–1227.
38.
IroegbuAOCTeffoMLSadikuER, et al.Advancing wastewater treatment with green and scalable metal–organic frameworks: from synthetic strategies to real-world deployment. npj Clean Water2025; 8(1): 85.
39.
da SilvaGGSilvaCSRibeiroRT, et al.Sonoelectrochemical synthesis of metal-organic frameworks. Synth Met2016; 220: 369–373.
40.
BhakatPNigamAJagtapS. Green synthesis of MOF nanostructures: environmental benefits and applications. Nanotechnol Environ Eng2023; 8(3): 815–827.
41.
LiuHZhaoYZhouC, et al.Microwave-assisted synthesis of Zr-based metal–organic framework (Zr-fum-fcu-MOF) for gas adsorption separation. Chem Phys Lett2021; 780: 138906.
VepsäläinenMMacedoDSGongH, et al.Electrosynthesis of HKUST-1 with flow-reactor post-processing. Appl Sci2021; 11(8): 3340.
44.
KitetoMVidijaBMechaCA, et al.Advances in metal–organic frameworks as adsorbents, photocatalysts and membranes: a new frontier in water purification. Discov Water2024; 4(1): 54.
45.
IniyanSRenJDeshmukhS, et al.An overview of metal‐organic framework based electrocatalysts: design and synthesis for electrochemical hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution, and carbon dioxide reduction reactions. Chem Rec2023; 23(12): e202300317.
46.
GuptaRKNguyenTAYasinG. Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage. Elsevier, 2022.
47.
GuptaAKSarafMBharadwajPK, et al.Dual functionalized CuMOF-based composite for high-performance supercapacitors. Inorg Chem2019; 58(15): 9844–9854.
48.
LiDYadavAZhouH, et al.Advances and applications of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) in emerging technologies: a comprehensive review. Glob Chall2024; 8(2): 2300244.
LaiJNiuWLuqueR, et al.Solvothermal synthesis of metal nanocrystals and their applications. Nano Today2015; 10(2): 240–267.
52.
GoESHongEJLeeJY, et al.Insights into mechanochemical solid-state ball-milling reaction: monitoring transition from heterogeneous to homogeneous conditions. JACS Au2025; 5(6): 2720–2727.
53.
TaoC-AWangJ-F. Synthesis of metal organic frameworks by ball-milling. Crystals2021; 11(1): 15.
54.
AmruteAPDe BellisJFelderhoffM, et al.Mechanochemical synthesis of catalytic materials. Chemistry (Easton)2021; 27(23): 6819–6847.
55.
KrauseSHosonoNKitagawaS. Chemistry of soft porous crystals: structural dynamics and gas adsorption properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl2020; 59: 15325–15341.
56.
GuoJChuSYuanF, et al.Soft porous crystals: flexible MOFs as a new class of adaptive materials. Ind Chem Mater2025; 3(6): 651–680.
57.
BeheraNDuanJJinW, et al.The chemistry and applications of flexible porous coordination polymers. EnergyChem2021; 3(6): 100067.
58.
YuBYeGZengZ, et al.Mussel-inspired polydopamine chemistry to modulate template synthesis of 1D metal–organic framework superstructures. J Mater Chem A Mater2018; 6(43): 21567–21576.
59.
FengDLeiTLukatskayaMR, et al.Robust and conductive two-dimensional metal− organic frameworks with exceptionally high volumetric and areal capacitance. Nat Energy2018; 3(1): 30–36.
60.
DongHGaoHGengJ, et al.Quinone-based conducting three-dimensional metal–organic framework as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. J Phys Chem C2021; 125(38): 20814–20820.
61.
YooYLaiZJeongH-K. Fabrication of MOF-5 membranes using microwave-induced rapid seeding and solvothermal secondary growth. Microporous Mesoporous Mater2009; 123(1-3): 100–106.
62.
ChengSLiuSZhaoQ, et al.Improved synthesis and hydrogen storage of a microporous metal–organic framework material. Energy Convers Manag2009; 50(5): 1314–1317.
63.
ButovaVBudnykABulanovaE, et al.Hydrothermal synthesis of high surface area ZIF-8 with minimal use of TEA. Solid State Sci2017; 69: 13–21.
64.
LatrocheMSurbléSSerreC, et al.Hydrogen storage in the giant‐pore metal–organic frameworks MIL‐100 and MIL‐101. Angew Chem2006; 118(48): 8407–8411.
65.
LuoXAbazariRTahirM, et al.Trimetallic metal–organic frameworks and derived materials for environmental remediation and electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Coord Chem Rev2022; 461: 214505.
66.
WangXFanMGuanY, et al.MOF-based electrocatalysts for high-efficiency CO 2 conversion: structure, performance, and perspectives. J Mater Chem A Mater2021; 9(40): 22710–22728.
67.
GaoXDongYLiS, et al.MOFs and COFs for batteries and supercapacitors. Electrochem Energ Rev2020; 3(1): 81–126.
68.
PanS-YHsiaoYYNegiS, et al.Green synthesis of waste-derived metal–organic frameworks for organic substance extraction from piggery wastewater as biofertilizers. ACS Sustain Chem Eng2024; 12(49): 17793–17805.
69.
ZhaoTPengSYuJ, et al.Advances in green synthesis and photo-/electrocatalytic applications of zirconium-based MOFs: a review. Organics2025; 6(2): 22.
70.
Pioquinto-GarcíaSRosasJMLoredo-CancinoM, et al.Environmental assessment of metal-organic framework DUT-4 synthesis and its application for siloxane removal. J Environ Chem Eng2021; 9(6): 106601.
71.
KumarSJainSNehraM, et al.Green synthesis of metal–organic frameworks: a state-of-the-art review of potential environmental and medical applications. Coord Chem Rev2020; 420: 213407.
72.
QazviniOTBabaraoRTelferSG. Selective capture of carbon dioxide from hydrocarbons using a metal-organic framework. Nat Commun2021; 12(1): 197.
73.
SherFHaywardAEl GuerrafA, et al.Advanced metal-organic frameworks for superior carbon capture, high-performance energy storage and environmental photocatalysis–A critical review. J Mater Chem A2024.
74.
DaudNNajibN. Adsorption of CO2 on ZSM-5 and Cu-MOF at room temperature and low pressure conditions for carbon capture and storage (CCS) application. Mater Today Proc2022; 57: 1345–1355.
75.
DaudN. CO2 adsorption performance of AC and Zn-MOF for the use of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). Mater Today Proc2023.
NandiSCollinsSChakrabortyD, et al.Ultralow parasitic energy for postcombustion CO2 capture realized in a nickel isonicotinate metal–organic framework with excellent moisture stability. J Am Chem Soc2017; 139(5): 1734–1737.
78.
LinAIbrahimAAArabP, et al.Palladium nanoparticles supported on Ce-metal–organic framework for efficient CO oxidation and low-temperature CO2 capture. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2017; 9(21): 17961–17968.
79.
SutrisnaPDKawiSKhoiruddinK, et al.Enhancing CO2 sequestration efficiency: a comprehensive study of nanostructured MOF-composite membrane for sustainable climate solution. Carbon Capture Sci Technol2025; 14: 100366.
80.
YuJXieLHLiJR, et al.CO2 capture and separations using MOFs: computational and experimental studies. Chem Rev2017; 117: 9674–9754.
81.
MohamedaliMHenniAIbrahimH. Markedly improved CO2 uptake using imidazolium-based ionic liquids confined into HKUST-1 frameworks. Microporous Mesoporous Mater2019; 284: 98–110.
82.
DongZWangZZhangL, et al.Competitive adsorptive mechanism of H2/N2 in LTA/FAU zeolites by molecular simulations and experiments. Molecules2024; 29: 3686.
83.
WasikDVicent-LunaJMLuna-TrigueroA, et al.The impact of metal centers in the M-MOF-74 series on carbon dioxide and hydrogen separation. Sep Purif Technol2024; 339: 126539.
84.
KongFChenW. Carbon dioxide capture and conversion using metal–organic framework (MOF) materials: a comprehensive review. Nanomaterials2024; 14(16): 1340.
85.
LiJZhuCQiaoZ, et al.A first principles study of interactions of CO2 with surfaces of a Cu(benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxylate) metal organic framework. Appl Surf Sci2016; 385: 578–586.
86.
KongDYangNChuaiY, et al.Multiscale investigation of metal substitution and diffusion mechanisms for enhanced CO2 adsorption: a case study of SIFSIX-3-Cu MOFs. Carbon Capture Sci Technol2025; 16: 100464.
87.
ChenXMenonDWangX, et al.Flexibility-frustrated porosity for enhanced selective CO2 adsorption in an ultramicroporous metal-organic framework. Chem2025; 11: 102382.
88.
KimYHyunSMLeeJH, et al.Crystal-size effects on carbon dioxide capture of a covalently alkylamine-tethered metal-organic framework constructed by a one-step self-assembly. Sci Rep2016; 6: 19337.
89.
ZhuZZhengQ. Investigation of cryo-adsorption hydrogen storage capacity of rapidly synthesized MOF-5 by mechanochemical method. Int J Hydrogen Energy2023; 48(13): 5166–5174.
90.
ZhangXLiuPZhangY. The application of MOFs for hydrogen storage. Inorg Chim Acta2023; 557: 121683.
91.
ZeleňákVSaldanI. Factors affecting hydrogen adsorption in metal–organic frameworks: a short review. Nanomaterials2021; 11(7): 1638.
92.
ThieleNStierleRMenzelT, et al.Unlocking hydrogen’s potential: prediction of adsorption in metal-organic frameworks for sustainable energy storage. Int J Hydrogen Energy2025; 184: 151562.
93.
GargAAlmášiMRattan PaulD, et al.Metal-organic framework MOF-76(Nd): synthesis, characterization, and study of hydrogen storage and humidity sensing. Front Energy Res2021; 8: 604735.
94.
PengPJiangHZHCollinsS, et al.Long duration energy storage using hydrogen in metal–organic frameworks: opportunities and challenges. ACS Energy Lett2024; 9(6): 2727–2735.
95.
ChenGLiangDKangZ, et al.Review of hydrogen storage in solid-state materials. Energies2025; 18(11): 2930.
96.
ChoiHJDincăMDaillyA, et al.Hydrogen storage in water-stable metal–organic frameworks incorporating 1, 3-and 1, 4-benzenedipyrazolate. Energy Environ Sci2010; 3(1): 117–123.
97.
IbarraIAYangSLinX, et al.Highly porous and robust scandium-based metal–organic frameworks for hydrogen storage. Chem Commun2011; 47(29): 8304–8306.
98.
Gómez-GualdrónDAColónYJZhangX, et al.Evaluating topologically diverse metal–organic frameworks for cryo-adsorbed hydrogen storage. Energy Environ Sci2016; 9(10): 3279–3289.
99.
XuJLiuJLiZ, et al.Optimized synthesis of Zr (IV) metal organic frameworks (MOFs-808) for efficient hydrogen storage. New J Chem2019; 43(10): 4092–4099.
100.
RuJWangXWangF, et al.UiO series of metal-organic frameworks composites as advanced sorbents for the removal of heavy metal ions: synthesis, applications and adsorption mechanism. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf2021; 208: 111577.
101.
LiuYZhangWWangH. Synthesis and application of core–shell liquid metal particles: a perspective of surface engineering. Mater Horiz2021; 8(1): 56–77.
102.
WeiYSZouLWangH, et al.Micro/nano‐scaled metal‐organic frameworks and their derivatives for energy applications. Adv Energy Mater2022; 12(4): 2003970.
103.
WangHZhuQLZouR, et al.Metal-organic frameworks for energy applications. Chem2017; 2(1): 52–80.
104.
ChuhadiyaSHimanshuSutharD, et al.Metal organic frameworks as hybrid porous materials for energy storage and conversion devices: a review. Coord Chem Rev2021; 446: 214115.
105.
HeBZhangQPanZ, et al.Freestanding metal–organic frameworks and their derivatives: an emerging platform for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Chem Rev2022; 122(11): 10087–10125.
106.
PettinariCTombesiA. MOFs for electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Inorganics2023; 11(2): 65.
107.
ZhuYSuPWangJ, et al.Research progress on metal–organic framework-based electrode materials for supercapacitors. Crystals2023; 13(11): 1593.
108.
RyooGKimSKLeeDK, et al.Energy storage performance of electrode materials derived from manganese metal–organic frameworks. Nanomaterials2024; 14(6): 503.
109.
WangMDongRFengX. Correction: two-dimensional conjugated metal–organic frameworks (2D c -MOFs): chemistry and function for MOFtronics. Chem Soc Rev2022; 51: 793–794.
110.
ShangSDuCLiuY, et al.A one-dimensional conductive metal-organic framework with extended π-d conjugated nanoribbon layers. Nat Commun2022; 13(1): 7599.
111.
LiJKumarAJohnsonBA, et al.Experimental manifestation of redox-conductivity in metal-organic frameworks and its implication for semiconductor/insulator switching. Nat Commun2023; 14: 4388.
112.
SahaRGuptaKGómez GarcíaCJ. Strategies to improve electrical conductivity in metal–organic frameworks: a comparative study. Cryst Growth Des2024; 24(5): 2235–2265.
113.
WangLLiFGuY. Mixed-valence Cu-based metal-organic framework for selective CO2 electroreduction to C1 liquid fuels with high energy conversion efficiency. Nano Res2025; 18: 94907317–949073171.
CalboJGolombMJWalshA. Redox-active metal–organic frameworks for energy conversion and storage. J Mater Chem A Mater2019; 7(28): 16571–16597.
116.
FuXDingBD'AlessandroD. Fabrication strategies for metal-organic framework electrochemical biosensors and their applications. Coord Chem Rev2023; 475: 214814.
117.
SunYZhouHC. Recent progress in the synthesis of metal-organic frameworks. Sci Technol Adv Mater2015; 16(5): 054202.
118.
RajePGGuravSRWaikarMR, et al.The review of different dimensionalities based pristine metal organic frameworks for supercapacitor application. J Energy Storage2022; 56: 105700.
119.
YangDLiangZTangP, et al.A high conductivity 1D π–d conjugated metal–organic framework with efficient polysulfide trapping‐diffusion‐catalysis in lithium–sulfur batteries. Adv Mater2022; 34(10): 2108835.
120.
SheberlaDSunLBlood-ForsytheMA, et al.High electrical conductivity in Ni₃(2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene)₂, a semiconducting metal-organic graphene analogue. J Am Chem Soc2014; 136(25): 8859–8862.
121.
ScheurlePI. Synthesis and characterization of novel electroactive metal-organic frameworks, especially based on the MOF-74 topology. 2021, lmu.
122.
LiXSuXSuT, et al.Two-dimensional conjugated metal–organic frameworks for electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Chem Sci2025; 16(13): 5353–5368.
123.
GriffinJMForseACTsaiWY, et al.In situ NMR and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance techniques reveal the structure of the electrical double layer in supercapacitors. Nat Mater2015; 14(8): 812–819.
124.
ForseACGriffinJMerletC, et al.Direct observation of ion dynamics in supercapacitor electrodes using in situ diffusion NMR spectroscopy. Nat Energy2017; 2(3): 16216.
125.
ZhangPWangMLiuY, et al.Largely pseudocapacitive two-dimensional conjugated metal–organic framework anodes with lowest unoccupied molecular orbital localized in nickel-bis (dithiolene) linkages. J Am Chem Soc2023; 145(11): 6247–6256.
126.
ChoiCAshbyDSButtsDM, et al.Achieving high energy density and high power density with pseudocapacitive materials. Nat Rev Mater2020; 5(1): 5–19.
127.
SuJHeWLiXM, et al.High electrical conductivity in a 2D MOF with intrinsic superprotonic conduction and interfacial pseudo-capacitance. Matter2020; 2(3): 711–722.
128.
FedorovaAAAnishchenkoDBeletskiiE, et al.Modeling of the overcharge behavior of lithium-ion battery cells protected by a voltage-switchable resistive polymer layer. J Power Sources2021; 510: 230392.
129.
SheberlaDBachmanJCEliasJS, et al.Conductive MOF electrodes for stable supercapacitors with high areal capacitance. Nat Mater2017; 16(2): 220–224.
130.
ForseACMerletCGriffinJM, et al.New perspectives on the charging mechanisms of supercapacitors. J Am Chem Soc2016; 138(18): 5731–5744.
131.
ForseACMerletCGreyCP, et al.NMR studies of adsorption and diffusion in porous carbonaceous materials. Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc2021; 124-125: 57–84.
132.
PalBYasinAKaurR, et al.Understanding electrochemical capacitors with in-situ techniques. Renew Sustain Energy Rev2021; 149: 111418.
133.
HeLYangLDincăM, et al.Observation of ion electrosorption in metal–organic framework micropores with in operando small‐angle neutron scattering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl2020; 59(24): 9773–9779.
134.
BiSBandaHChenM, et al.Molecular understanding of charge storage and charging dynamics in supercapacitors with MOF electrodes and ionic liquid electrolytes. Nat Mater2020; 19(5): 552–558.
135.
PatelAPatelSKSinghRS, et al.Review on recent advancements in the role of electrolytes and electrode materials on supercapacitor performances. Discov Nano2024; 19(1): 188.
136.
YaghiOMLiGLiH. Selective binding and removal of guests in a microporous metal–organic framework. Nature1995; 378(6558): 703–706.
137.
LeeDYYoonSJShresthaNK, et al.Unusual energy storage and charge retention in Co-based metal–organic-frameworks. Microporous Mesoporous Mater2012; 153: 163–165.
138.
LeeDYShindeDVKimEK, et al.Supercapacitive property of metal–organic-frameworks with different pore dimensions and morphology. Microporous Mesoporous Mater2013; 171: 53–57.
139.
CaoZMomenRTaoS, et al.Metal-organic framework materials for electrochemical supercapacitors. Nano-Micro Lett2022; 14(1): 181.
140.
ZhouYXuYLuB, et al.Schiff base-functionalized cobalt-based metal organic framework microspheres with a sea urchin-like structure for supercapacitor electrode material. J Electroanal Chem2019; 847: 113248.
141.
DuPDongYLiuC, et al.Fabrication of hierarchical porous nickel based metal-organic framework (Ni-MOF) constructed with nanosheets as novel pseudo-capacitive material for asymmetric supercapacitor. J Colloid Interface Sci2018; 518: 57–68.
142.
KangLSunSXKongLB, et al.Investigating metal-organic framework as a new pseudo-capacitive material for supercapacitors. Chin Chem Lett2014; 25(6): 957–961.
143.
QuCJiaoYZhaoB, et al.Nickel-based pillared MOFs for high-performance supercapacitors: design, synthesis and stability study. Nano Energy2016; 26: 66–73.
144.
DengLQuHZhangY, et al.Temperature effect on the synthesis of two Ni-MOFs with distinct performance in supercapacitor. J Solid State Chem2020; 281: 121026.
145.
YangJXiongPZhengC, et al.Metal–organic frameworks: a new promising class of materials for a high performance supercapacitor electrode. J Mater Chem A2014; 2(39): 16640–16644.
146.
ChuXMengFDengT, et al.Mechanistic insight into bimetallic CoNi-MOF arrays with enhanced performance for supercapacitors. Nanoscale2020; 12(9): 5669–5677.
147.
ZhangXWangJJiX, et al.Nickel/cobalt bimetallic metal-organic frameworks ultrathin nanosheets with enhanced performance for supercapacitors. J Alloys Compd2020; 825: 154069.
148.
WangYLiuYWangH, et al.Ultrathin NiCo-MOF nanosheets for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. ACS Appl Energy Mater2019; 2(3): 2063–2071.
149.
ChenLOuDZhangG, et al.Ni–Co coordination hollow spheres for high performance flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor. Electrochim Acta2020; 337: 135828.
150.
ChenCWuMKTaoK, et al.Formation of bimetallic metal–organic framework nanosheets and their derived porous nickel–cobalt sulfides for supercapacitors. Dalton Trans2018; 47(16): 5639–5645.
