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Abstract

Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) with unique performance advantages and development potential is widely used in electronics, aerospace, environmental protection, automobile, machinery, textile, chemical, pharmacy, environmental protection and other industries. The researches on PPS material are constantly advancing and improving in both quantity and quality. To clarify the progress and status, and to explore current focus and development trend of PPS at a global level, the bibliometric analysis was used based on Web of Science Core Collection database. 1118 papers were retrieved, and countries or regions, institutions, journals, authors, research areas, author keywords, and highly cited articles were discussed in detail. The results of bibliometric analysis show that China was the dominant country in terms of contributions of paper output, followed by the USA, South Korea, Japan, India, and Germany. Germany and China both were the most active partner which worked with other high productive countries. “Polymer science” was the most attractive research area with 451 papers involved in. “Journal of Applied Polymer Science” was the most comprehensive source of PPS material publications and with the highest h-index. The author keywords “mechanical property”, “behavior”, “composite”, “morphology”, “kinetics”, “friction”, “tribological property” and “crystallization” reflected a high level attention and hot topics for PPS. Based on the results of bibliometric analysis, the research progress and achievements of preparation, performance improvement and application field expansion in recent years were summarized and explained. To achieve more comprehensive performance and to be suitable for more special applications in various fields, the enhancement and toughening of PPS, the modification by blending or alloying with other polymers or other reinforcing materials, the production of PPS ultrafine fiber and PPS membrane were shown as the research emphasis.

Keywords

Polyphenylene sulfide bibliometric analysis web of science application research focus progress

Introduction

With the continuous improvement of the global industrialization process, as well as the requirements of sustainable development and circular economy, the development and utilization of various materials which with high added value, key technologies and high performance, have influenced the course of the industrial revolution and attracted the attention of all countries. The United States issued “Strategy for American Leadership in Advanced Manufacturing” in 2018 and “National Strategy for Advanced Manufacturing” in 2022, which focused on high-performance materials, additive manufacturing, and critical materials, and set goals for the development and implementation of advanced manufacturing technologies. The United Kingdom published the report “The Future of Manufacturing: A New Era of Opportunity and Challenge for the UK”, which focused on high value-added materials and raw material substitutability in manufacturing industry, and envisaged the sustainable development of manufacturing industry in the future to 2050. Furthermore, the European Commission published “The Green Deal Industrial Plan” to deal with climate change and promote sustainable development in 2019. It launched alliances in the fields of batteries, raw materials, solar energy, hydrogen energy, recycling plastics and so on, promoted industrial cooperation and developed green economy. Japan proposed that it should pay attention to the practicability of new materials and considered the coordinated development of environment and resources. At the same time, in order to build a world-leading “Society 5.0”, resources should be focused on the development of materials technology as the foundation of all fields. The strategic plan “Made in China 2025” also emphasized the development of advanced basic materials, key strategic materials and cutting-edge new materials. “The Catalogue of Guidance for Industrial Structure Adjustment” issued by China National Development and Reform Commission also emphasized and supported the development of high-performance raw materials and key raw materials, the production of various engineering plastics and the their blending, modification and alloying technology.

Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) is a special engineering material with excellent performance because of its peculiar molecular structure. PPS possess excellent chemical resistance, good thermal stability, excellent mechanical properties and high-cost performance,^1–3 thus it has been widely used in electronics, aerospace, environmental protection, national defense and military, automobile, machinery, textile, chemical, pharmacy, environmental protection and other industries. The rise and progress of PPS materials research conforms to the global industrial development strategy and the need of industrialization reform.

The filter materials prepared by PPS fibers has become the preferred choice for coal power plants, cement plants, waste incineration plants and chemical plants.⁴ Auto parts prepared by PPS can also replace metal parts to achieve the purpose of light weight due to its light weight, high strength, high-temperature resistance and insulating property. Hence PPS is being used to manufacture the automotive electronic parts, automotive interiors and exteriors components, wearing parts and corrosion resistance parts.⁵ Moreover, PPS fibers also can be used to manufacture protective clothing which can be widely used in fire protection, steel-making, iron-making, electric welding and other fields due to its excellent fire and chemical resistance.

With the development of new energy vehicles, the application of PPS materials in the automotive field has been further expanded, especially in the power battery modules of new energy vehicles, which are mainly used in battery brackets, insulating cover plates, lithium battery separators and other fields. Moreover, PPS materials can be also applied in 5G communication equipment due to the good dielectric properties. However, pure PPS can not fully meet the performance requirements in these new or special fields, hence there is still much room for exploration in research and development of modification for PPS materials.

Although PPS materials has a history of only half a century after industrialization, it has become an indispensable material in multiple industrial fields. The researches on PPS mainly involve the preparation, functionalization, characterization, nanomaterials, membrane and other application. However, there is no systematic research on bibliometric analysis of PPS. Therefore, the purpose and original intention of this study is to collect and summarize the history, interests, problems, progress and future of research on PPS materials by bibliometric analysis from a combination of qualitative and quantitative perspectives following the timeline.

Methods

Data source

As an internationally recognized database that reflects the standard of scientific research, Web of Science (WoS) database is widely deemed as an effective source of high quality papers and used for citation tracking, subject analysis and academic reference. Based on the core collection of Web of Science, this study conducts a bibliometric analysis on the material of PPS. The data was retrieved on February 15, 2023 from WoS core collection (Science Citation Index Expand and Social Science Citation Index), and the document types (article and review) were considered in our study. The year of publication spans from 1985 to 2022.

Search strategy

In this study, the subject, title and author keyword in the WoS database were retrieved. The search expressions as following: TS = (polyphenylene sulfide) OR TI = (polyphenylene sulfide) OR AK = (polyphenylene sulfide). Based on the above retrieval strategies, 1118 valid literatures were obtained after screening and pre-processing. For analysis and understanding the research history, internal relationship, interests, focus, improvement, progress and prospect of PPS, some visual analysis software and drawing tools were used and assisted. The following bibliometric indicators such as citations, h-index and impact factors were analyzed, and countries or regions, institutions, journals, authors, research areas, author keywords and most cited papers were discussed in detail.

Results of bibliometric analysis

Analysis on the global research status

According to the retrieval strategy, 1118 papers were retrieved, including 1097 articles and 21 reviews. The chronological distribution of the number and citation of papers related to PPS is shown in Figure 1. The number of papers had a trend of stable growth, especially since 2018, the growth rate was relatively large, the yearly average number of papers was 85.8 from 2018 to 2022. The total citation of 1118 papers was 20,345, and the yearly average citation was 535.4. The first paper on PPS was titled “Crystallization Kinetics of Polyphenylene Sulfide” and was published in 1985,⁶ and the authors were Jog JP and Nadkarni VM from India. The crystallization kinetics of unfilled and glass-reinforced grades of PPS were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry. Their findings suggested that the glass fibers have an accelerating influence on crystallization and discussed the possible crystallization mechanisms. Since then, the academia began to study the performance, preparation, application and composite of PPS.

Figure 1.

Annual distribution of global published papers and citations related to PPS.

Analysis on the contribution of main countries/regions

Table 1 shows the top 15 most productive countries/regions on PPS, and the citations, average citations per article, h-index and proportion of international cooperation are also listed. In terms of the number of papers, China was the most productive country with 401 papers, accounting for 35.87%. USA followed with 155, accounting for 13.86%. South Korea, Japan, India, Germany and France had the relatively close number of papers, there were more than 50 articles in each of the five countries, with a total of 334 articles accounting for 29.87%. The contribution of Chinese scholars to PPS research was related to national conditions, market demand, industrial production and environmental policy. In terms of citation, China and USA were the two leading countries, and USA had the highest citation per article, indicating that the research paper had a certain quality and high attention, which was supported by the advanced technology and development level of the country.

Table 1.

Top 15 most productive countries/regions on PPS.

Rank	Country/region	Total articles	Citations	Average citations per article	H-index	International cooperation (%)
1	Peoples R China	401	6398	15.96	38	12.47
2	USA	155	4608	29.73	35	27.10
3	South Korea	75	1426	19.01	20	25.33
3	Japan	75	989	13.19	16	22.67
5	India	67	1092	16.30	17	22.39
6	Germany	64	1558	24.34	20	76.56
7	France	53	842	15.89	17	47.17
8	Canada	35	1044	29.83	14	31.43
9	Turkey	31	360	11.61	10	9.68
10	Belgium	30	519	17.30	15	33.33
11	Russia	28	183	6.54	8	32.14
12	England	25	332	13.28	11	52.00
12	Italy	25	504	20.16	12	52.00
14	Brazil	21	331	15.76	12	42.86
15	Netherlands	20	432	21.60	10	70.00

Figure 2 shows and analyzes the cooperative relationships among the top15 most productive countries. The lines indicate the cooperative relationship between countries which shows how active a country is in cooperation. The numbers on the line represents the number of collaborative papers between the two between two countries, which show the frequency of international cooperation. The most active partner with other countries were Germany and China, both of them had worked with other 11 countries. Secondly, it was Japan which worked with other eight countries. Followed by USA and France, and they worked with other seven countries. Transnational cooperation facilitates the exchange of research methods, ideas and technologies, and facilitates the innovation and breakthrough of materials. Germany had the highest rate of cooperation with other countries. Among the 64 published papers related to PPS materials from Germany, the number of papers participating in international collaborative research was 49, accounting for 76.56%. The proportion of international cooperation in Netherlands (70.00%), England (52.00%) and Italy (52.00%) were relatively close, as more than half of the papers were international cooperative papers, although the total number was relatively small. Although China was very active in cooperating with other countries, it is not dominant in terms of cooperation proportion.

Figure 2.

The cross-relationship map of the top 15 countries/regions.

Table 2 shows the top 15 most productive countries/regions on PPS by year. The numbers in brackets represent the year in which the first paper on PPS was published in the country/region. The first paper about PPS came from India. India and USA published a lot of papers in the early stage of PPS research (1985–1989) and made important contributions. However, it was a pity that in the following years in India, PPS related studies were relatively small and the number of papers was relatively stable on its own. China, USA, Japan and Italy all started to study PPS materials from 1986.

Table 2.

Top 15 most productive countries/regions on PPS by year.

Country/region	1985–1989	1990–1994	1995–1999	2000–2004	2005–2009	2010–2014	2015–2019	2020–2022
Peoples R China	3 (1986)	3	15	13	40	53	126	148
USA	9 (1986)	29	25	21	17	7	22	25
South Korea	/	4 (1992)	12	6	4	9	22	18
Japan	2 (1986)	10	12	8	5	7	11	20
India	8 (1985)	12	5	2	10	12	7	11
Germany	/	8 (1990)	7	2	6	7	20	14
France	/	3 (1991)	6	1	1	4	26	12
Canada	2 (1987)	1	1	1	2	7	9	12
Turkey	/	/	/	1 (2004)	5	3	13	9
Belgium	/	/	3 (1996)	1	13	7	6	/
Russia	/	/	3 (1995)	/	3	5	9	8
England	/	2 (1994)	4	/	/	3	6	10
Italy	5 (1986)	5	4	3	/	/	3	5
Brazil	/	/	2 (1996)	2	3	3	8	3
Netherlands	/	/	2 (1997)	/	1	5	4	8

In recent several years (2015–2022), the number of papers related to PPS in China had increased significantly, which was due to the introduction and emphasis of national policies on filtration and environmental protection. In the initial stage, USA had an obvious advantage in the number of papers, but there was a relative decline from 2005 to 2014, and it gradually recovered from 2015. France began to publish papers related to PPS materials in 1991. During the period from 2000 to 2019, the development was in a relatively low state with a small number of papers. However, in the past several years (2015–2022), there was a sudden great development with a significant increase in the number of papers. In April 2015, the French government officially announced the launch of the “ Industry of Future” plan, which focuses on the transformation and upgrading of commercial manufacture driven by innovation and digital technology. Thus some new high performance materials are getting more attention and are being developed in emerging fields, which also promoted the rapid development of PPS research in Europe.

Analysis on the main research areas

Among the 1118 papers related to PPS, 62 different research areas are indentified according to the Web of Science discipline domain division system. Table 3 shows the contributions of top 15 WoS research areas on PPS. Obviously, the number of papers in “polymer science” was ranked first (451, 40.34%), and the total citation was 7020 which also ranked first. The number of papers in “materials science multidisciplinary” was ranked second (248, 22.18%), and the total citation was 5944, ranked second. “Materials science composites” was ranked third (198, 17.71%), and the total citation was 4613.

Table 3.

Contributions of top 15 WoS research areas on PPS.

Rank	WoS research area	Total articles	Articles percentage (%)	Citations	Average citations per article	H-index
1	Polymer science	451	40.34	7020	15.57	41
2	Materials science multidisciplinary	248	22.18	5944	23.97	41
3	Materials science composites	198	17.71	4613	23.30	32
4	Engineering chemical	134	11.99	2272	16.96	28
5	Engineering mechanical	81	7.25	3101	38.28	28
6	Chemistry physical	70	6.26	1398	19.97	23
7	Physics applied	70	6.26	497	7.10	14
8	Chemistry multidisciplinary	58	5.19	525	9.05	12
9	Engineering multidisciplinary	40	3.58	1121	28.03	15
10	Nanoscience nanotechnology	39	3.49	451	11.56	12
11	Engineering manufacturing	38	3.40	914	24.05	18
12	Mechanics	37	3.31	547	14.78	13
13	Materials science characterization testing	33	2.95	382	11.58	11
13	Physcis sondensed matter	33	2.95	363	11.00	12
15	Materials science textiles	27	2.42	131	4.85	7

It is worth mentioning that the research area of “Engineering Mechanical” had only 81 papers, accounting for 7.25%, but the average citations per article (38.28) was ranked first which surpassed other fields. The Papers about PPS often involves cross-disciplines, in addition to materials and polymer science, it also involves “engineering”, “chemistry”, “physics” “mechanics”, “energy fuels”, “thermodynamics”, “electrochemistry”, “environmental sciences”. The research fields of papers interweaved with each other, which was closely related to the research of PPS performance exploration, application field, application environment and development prospect.

Table 4 shows the contributions of top 15 WoS research areas on PPS by year. The numbers in brackets represent the year in which the first paper on PPS material was published in the area. In recent years (2015–2022), the number of PPS materials papers in all 15 areas has increased significantly. In particular, the areas of “materials science multidisciplinary”, “engineering chemical”, “chemistry physical” and “physics applied” all achieved a breakthrough multiple growth compared with the last 5 years. The earliest paper on PPS mainly involved in two areas of “polymer science” and “physics condensed matter”. The first paper in the area of “nanoscience nanotechnology” was published in 2000, that's the period when the term nanotechnology became a new field and research hotspot.

Table 4.

Contributions of top 15 WoS research areas on PPS by year.

WoS research area	1985–1989	1990–1994	1995–1999	2000–2004	2005–2009	2010–2014	2015–2019	2020–2022
Polymer science	17 (1985)	61	67	34	56	57	83	76
Materials science multidisciplinary	7 (1986)	15	14	18	29	40	54	71
Materials science composites	2 (1986)	8	13	6	17	28	67	57
Engineering chemical	3 (1987)	16	19	15	10	14	22	35
Engineering mechanical	3 (1987)	/	5	14	14	14	18	13
Chemistry physical	4(1987)	3	2	1	7	14	13	26
Physics applied	1 (1986)	4	1	2	5	13	14	30
Chemistry multidisciplinary	1 (1986)	/	2	/	1	11	19	24
Engineering multidisciplinary	1 (1987)	1	/	1	1	2	15	19
Nanoscience nanotechnology	/	/	/	2 (2000)	3	6	12	16
Engineering manufacturing	/	1 (1993)	2	/	3	3	11	18
Mechanics	/	2 (1991)	4	1	3	2	14	11
Materials science characterization testing	/	2 (1991)	7	2	5	2	7	8
Physcis condensed matter	1 (1985)	3	1	3	1	6	5	13
Materials science textiles	/	/	1 (1995)	1	/	4	9	12

Analysis on the contribution of leading institutions

Top 15 most productive institutions on PPS material are shown in Table 5. The institution with the highest number of papers was Sichuan University in China, with 61 papers, accounting for 5.46%. The Chinese Academy of Sciences was ranked second with 48 papers, accounting for 4.29% of the total. Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique from France (35, 3.13%) and Tiangong University from China (32, 2.86%) were ranked third and fourth. In terms of citation, Iowa State University from USA (1621) was ranked first, Chinese Academy of Sciences (978) and Sichuan University from China (903) were ranked second and third. In terms of average citations per article, Iowa State University from USA (90.06) was also ranked first, CSIR National Chemical Laboratory NCL from India (20.57) was ranked second. Council of Scientific Industrial Research CSIR India (20.35) and Chinese Academy of Sciences (20.29) were ranked third and fourth respectively.

Table 5.

Top 15most productive institutions on PPS.

Rank	Institutions	Total articles	Articles percentage (%)	Citations	Average citations per article	H-index	Country/region
1	Sichuan university	61	5.46	903	14.80	17	China
2	Chinese academy of sciences	48	4.29	978	20.29	18	China
3	Centre National de la recherche scientifique CNRS	35	3.13	453	12.94	14	France
4	Tiangong university	32	2.86	496	15.50	12	China
5	Council of scientific industrial research CSIR India	31	2.77	631	20.35	14	India
6	CSIR National chemical laboratory NCL	30	2.68	617	20.57	13	India
7	Wuhan textile university	29	2.59	485	16.72	14	China
8	Kocaeli university	24	2.15	213	8.88	9	Turkey
9	Russian academy of sciences	24	2.15	97	4.04	6	Russia
10	Lanzhou institute of chemical physics cas	23	2.06	466	20.26	13	China
10	United states department of energy doe	23	2.06	283	12.30	11	USA
12	Ghent university	22	1.97	440	20.00	13	Belgium
12	Universite de rouen normandie	22	1.97	219	9.95	11	France
14	Donghua university	19	1.70	113	5.95	7	China
15	Iowa state university	18	1.61	1621	90.06	14	USA

Analysis on the contribution of leading authors

Top 15 most productive authors on PPS are shown in Table 6. The most productive author was Wang Luoxin, whose institution was Wuhan Textile University in China, and he published 28 related papers (2.50%). He began to study and publish his first paper related to PPS in 2018, although the research was started not early, but had become a major contributor to the research and development of PPS materials as his annual average number of papers was 5.6. His research involves modified PPS non-woven fabric,⁷ enhanced mechanical behavior and electrochemical performance of PPS nonwoven surface,⁸ paper-like PPS/aramid fiber electrode,⁹ and composite separator CFs/PPS which is very promising for application in high power lithium-ion batteries.¹⁰ Wang Luoxin, Wang Hua and Yin Xianze were from the same institution, who have maintained a close cooperative research relationship, and the number of cooperative publications among the three authors was 10. Li Zhenhuan from Tiangong University and Vieille Benoit from Normandie University were ranked second and third respectively. Van Paepegem Wim from Ghent University in Belgium, Sinmazcelik Tamer from Kocaeli University in Turkey were ranked joint fourth, and the number of papers was 20 (1.79%) for both.

Table 6.

Top 15 most productive authors on PPS.

Rank	Author	Total articles	Articles percentage (%)	Citations	Average citations per article	H-index	Institutions	Country/region
1	Wang Luoxin	28	2.50	480	17.14	14	Wuhan textile university	China
2	Li Zhenhuan	25	2.24	406	16.24	10	Tiangong university	China
3	Vieille Benoit	23	2.06	225	9.78	11	Normandie university	France
4	Van Paepegem Wim	20	1.79	427	21.35	13	Ghent university	Belgium
4	Sinmazcelik Tamer	20	1.79	186	9.30	7	Kocaeli university	Turkey
6	De Baere Ives	19	1.70	408	21.53	12	Ghent university	Belgium
7	Wang Hua	18	1.61	384	21.33	12	Wuhan textile university	China
8	Yang Jie	16	1.43	337	21.06	12	Sichuan university	China
8	Degrieck Joris	16	1.43	340	21.25	10	Ghent university	Belgium
8	Zhang Maliang	16	1.43	120	7.50	7	Tiangong university	China
11	Wang Xiaojun	15	1.34	327	21.80	11	Sichuan university	China
11	Bahadur S	15	1.34	1569	104.60	13	Iowa state university	USA
13	Amalnerkar Dinesh	13	1.16	81	6.23	4	Centre Material electron technology	India
13	Li Tongsheng	13	1.16	405	31.15	9	Fudan university	China
15	Yin Xianze	12	1.07	353	29.42	11	Wuhan textile university	China
15	Jog JP	12	1.07	308	25.67	7	Natural chemistry Lab	India
15	Zhang Gang	12	1.07	255	21.25	8	Sichuan university	China

In terms of citation, Bahadur S from Iowa State University in USA published total 15 papers with citation 1569, and average citations per article was 104.60 ranking first among the top 15 authors. The three most cited papers of his were all published in Wear in 2000 and 2005, which studied the tribological behavior of PPS composites and PPS filled with inorganic nano particles. In terms of the h-index, Wang Luoxin was ranked first with 14, Bahadur S and Van Paepegem W ranked joint second with 13. Among the top 15 most productive authors, nine are from China, three authors are from Belgium Ghent University.

The authors from Wuhan Textile University focused on the preparation and application of PPS composite materials, such as as-synthesized Ag₃PO₄/SPPS composites,¹¹ the high strength and rigidity composites composed of ultra-high content of glass fiber fabrics and PPS nonwovens.¹² In addition, they fabricated a novel composite separator such as ANFs/PPS,¹³ ACFs/PPS composite paper¹⁴ via a papermaking process which were applied in lithium ion battery.

The Top 15 most productive authors on PPS by year are shown in Table 7. The numbers in brackets represent the year in which the author published the first paper on PPS. Jog JP published the most papers in the early years (1985–1999), who could be considered as the pioneer in the PPS research. Since 2005, more and more scholars had paid attention to PPS. Especially in the 5 years from 2015 to 2019, these authors published the most papers related to PPS.

Table 7.

Top 15 most productive authors on PPS by year.

Author	1985–1989	1990–1994	1995–1999	2000–2004	2005–2009	2010–2014	2015–2019	2020–2022
Wang Luoxin	/	/	/	/	/	/	11 (2018)	17
Li Zhenhuan	/	/	/	/	/	/	11 (2015)	14
Vieille Benoit	/	/	/	/	/	2 (2014)	15	6
Van Paepege Wim	/	/	/	/	12 (2006)	7	1	/
Sinmazcelik Tamer	/	/	/	/	3 (2005)	3	12	2
De Baere Ives	/	/	/	/	11 (2007)	7	1	/
Wang Hua	/	/	/	/	/	/	9 (2018)	9
Yang Jie	/	/	/	/	2 (2006)	4	8	2
Degrieck Joris	/	/	/	/	10 (2007)	6	/	/
Zhang Maliang	/	/	/	/	/	/	3 (2015)	11
Wang Xiaojun	/	/	/	/	1 (2006)	4	8	2
Bahadur S	/	/	4 (1998)	4	7	/	/	/
Amalnerkar Dinesh	/	/	/	/	4 (2005)	5	4	/
Li Tongsheng	/	/	/	1 (2004)	6	5	1	/
Yin Xianze	/	/	/	/	/	/	8 (2018)	4
Jog JP	3 (1985)	7	1	/	/	/	/	1
Zhang Gang	/	/	/	/	1 (2009)	3	6	2

Analysis on the leading journals and influence

Each journal has its own different subject categories and submission guidelines, which reflects the content focus and intention. Scholars select and submit according to the content, categories and guideline, which together reflect the research preferences, emphasis and trends. These 1118 papers related to PPS were published in a total of 336 journals. The top 15 most productive journals on PPS are shown in Table 8. “Journal of applied polymer science” was ranked first, with a total of 85 papers (7.60%) and h-index of 25 which was also ranked first. The second ranked journal was “Wear” with 32 articles (2.86%), and h-index of 24. In terms of citation, the total citation of the 32 papers published in Wear was 2317, and each paper was cited 72.41, ranked the first. Among the 15 journals, there were seven journals in the first zone of Thomson Reuters, indicating that research of PPS material occupied a certain hot spot and value in journals with high influence.

Table 8.

Top 15 most productive journals on PPS.

rank	Journal	Total articles	Articles percentage (%)	Citations	Average citations per artical	H-index	IF	Quartile
1	Journal of applied polymer science	85	7.60	1925	22.65	25	3.057	Q2
2	Wear	32	2.86	2317	72.41	24	4.695	Q1
3	Polymer engineering and science	30	2.68	748	24.93	17	2.573	Q3
4	Polymer composites	29	2.59	412	14.21	12	3.531	Q2
5	Composites part b engineering	28	2.50	870	31.07	15	11.322	Q1
6	Composites science and technology	25	2.24	1479	59.16	18	9.879	Q1
7	Polymer	23	2.06	540	23.48	14	4.432	Q1
8	High performance polymers	21	1.88	191	9.1	10	1.73	Q4
8	Journal of thermoplastic composite materials	21	1.88	309	14.71	9	3.027	Q3
10	Composites part a applied science and manufacturing	19	1.70	672	35.37	15	9.463	Q1
11	Journal of materials	18	1.61	272	15.11	9	4.682	Q2
11	Polymers	18	1.61	158	8.78	6	4.967	Q1
13	Composite structures	17	1.52	347	20.41	11	6.603	Q1
14	Journal of coomposite materials	15	1.34	102	6.8	6	3.191	Q3
15	Fibers and polymers	13	1.16	61	4.69	5	2.347	Q2

Analysis on author keywords and topic

From the retrieved papers, 784 author keywords were summarized to identify the main focus, wide interests and research trends in PPS research filed. Figure 3 shows the co-occurrence relationship of the top 30 author keywords on PPS. Each dot represents a keyword, the size of a dot is proportional to the keyword frequency. The line between dots represents the co-occurrence relationship between two keywords. Top 30 high-frequency author keywords on PPS by year are shown in Table 9. The numbers in brackets represent the year in which the keyword was first proposed. Hot keywords reflect the core and important trend of PPS research to some extent. Polyphenylene sulfide as the core keyword, had close relationship and co-occurrence with other keywords, and it was first appeared in 1991.

Figure 3.

The co-occurrence relationship map of the top 30 author keywords on PPS.

Table 9.

Top 30 high-frequency author keywords on PPS by year.

Rank	Keyword	Frequency	1985–1989	1990–1994	1995–1999	2000–2004	2005–2009	2010–2014	2015–2019	2020–2022
1	Polyphenylene sulfide	467	/	44 (1991)	63	39	50	58	109	104
2	Mechanical property	190	/	3 (1994)	13	5	8	37	62	62
3	Behavior	179	/	13 (1991)	17	13	16	24	53	43
4	Composite	140	/	6 (1992)	10	13	11	19	36	45
5	Performance	89	/	/	/	2 (2002)	2	9	30	36
6	Morphology	77	/	6 (1991)	13	5	8	9	23	13
7	Polymer	76	/	8 (1991)	9	5	7	6	24	16
8	Friction	75	/	/	/	7 (2000)	14	18	14	22
9	Nanocomposite	62	/	/	/	/	4 (2005)	16	28	14
10	Carbon fiber	57	/	1 (1992)	1	2	7	7	21	18
11	Fiber	50	/	2 (1993)	12	/	3	1	22	10
11	Polyethylene terephthalate	50	/	10 (1992)	24	8	3	5	/	/
11	Temperature	50	/	/	2 (1995)	2	2	14	17	13
14	Blend	49	/	5 (1992)	4	11	6	9	12	2
15	Kinetics	48	/	8 (1991)	8	5	5	/	11	11
16	Thermoplastic composite	46	/	/	2 (1996)	/	/	9	17	18
17	Polypropylene	41	/	2 (1994)	16	3	5	/	8	7
18	Degradation	39	/	/	/	/	2 (2008)	3	15	19
18	Tribological property	39	/	/	/	/	4 (2007)	9	11	15
20	Polymer composite	37	/	/	/	2 (2003)	2	8	16	9
20	Crystallization	37	/	2 (1993)	3	3	/	6	10	13
22	Strength	35	/	/	/	/	/	6 (2012)	20	9
23	Tribological behavior	31	/	/	4 (1998)	/	6	10	11	/
24	Nanoparticle	29	/	/	/	/	2 (2008)	5	13	9
25	Thermal property	28	/	/	/	/	/	5 (2012)	20	3
26	Crystallization kinetics	27	/	9 (1991)	4	2	7	3	/	2
26	Resistance	27	/	/	/	/	5 (2008)	6	4	12
28	Fabrication	26	/	/	/	/	1 (2006)	3	15	7
28	Carbon nanotube	26	/	/	/	/	2 (2008)	7	15	2
30	Adhesion	25	/	1 (1994)	4	/	2	8	2	8

The occurrence frequency of keywords “mechanical property” “behavior” “composite” were relatively high, which showed the attention of polymerization, performance and composition of PPS. “Mechanical property” was first used as an author keyword to PPS in 1994, and some phenomena of PPS with various thermoplastics of different composition had been studied and described.^15,16 “Behavior” was first applied to PPS in 1991 by Kenny JM and Maffezzoli A. The authors analyzed the effect of carbon fibers on the crystallization kinetics of PPS, and compared the crystallization behavior of PPS and other semicrystalline thermoplastic matrices.¹⁷

Secondly, the keywords “morphology”, “kinetics”, “friction”, “tribological property” and “crystallization” were reflected a high level attention for the performance of PPS. Thermal properties and crystallization behavior and morphology on PPS composites filled with type of fillers were studied, such as volcanic ash filled PPS composites,¹⁸silicon carbide and vapour growth carbon fiber particles filled PPS.¹⁹ The tribological properties of thermoplastics to their mechanical behaviour and morphological features were related to studied, and nine different polymers including PPS, PAI, PET, PVDF, et al were compared.²⁰ The effect of carbon fiber dimensions on mechanical and tribological properties of the composites based on two thermoplastic matrices of different physical-chemical nature (PPS and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene) were compared.²¹

Next, as PPS and modified PPS were normally used in the field of filtering especially under high-temperature,²² its degradation, kinetics, wear behavior, morphology and thermal properties as the keywords had been studied in combination. PPS-carbon fiber composites were exposed to environmental degradation through water immersion and UV climatic chamber.²³ A short glass fiber-reinforced PPS composites were tested after oxidation at different temperatures to discuss the lifetime.^24,25 The degradation mechanisms including morphology, crystallinity, and chemical elemental composition of the PPS filter material used in electrostatic-bag precipitators were studied.²⁶

In addition, as nanoscience and nanotechnology was a great revolution in the field of high science and technology from the end of 20th century to the 21st century, “nanocomposite” and “nanoparticle” had become the hot words in PPS research field since then. Especially in 2015–2019, the frequency of the two keywords have peaked. PPS/nanoparticles composites had attracted much attention in the field of composite materials. PPS/organic clay nanocomposites were prepared by simple melt blending.²⁷ A thin and ultralight PAN-graphene-MWCNTs-PPS plastic film with superior capacitive behavior was fabricated.²⁸ Many different nanoscaled fillers, such as graphite,²⁹ calcium carbonate,³⁰ titanium dioxide,³¹ carbon nanotubes,³² metal particle,³³ have been widely studied to improve features.

Analysis on the most cited published documents

The citation as one of the indicators to evaluate the quality and value of literature in related fields is more objective and intuitive. To a certain extent, papers with high citation can reflect the attention and interests of researchers or teams in this field. Table 10 shows the title information of the top 15 most-cited published documents on PPS from 1985 to 2022.

Table 10.

Top 15 most-cited published documents on PPS.

Rank	Title	Author	Journal	Citation	Average citations per year	year
1	The development of transfer layers and their role in polymer tribology	Bahadur S	Wear	505	21.96	2000
2	Effects of various fillers on the sliding wear of polymer composites	Friedrich K et al	Composites science and technology	457	25.39	2005
3	Recent advances in carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites: A review	Yao Shanshan et al	Composites part b-engineering	343	68.6	2018
4	Lithium insertion in high-capacity carbonaceous materials	Zheng T et al	Journal of the electrochemical society	316	12.64	1995
5	Effect of transfer film structure, composition and bonding on the tribological behavior of polyphenylene sulfide filled with nano particles of TiO₂, ZnO, CuO and SiC	Bahadur S et al	Wear	244	13.56	2005
6	Studies on the tribological behavior and transfer film-counterface bond strength for polyphenylene sulfide filled with nanoscale alumina particles	Schwartz CJ et al	Wear	227	9.87	2000
7	Flame retardants in commercial use or development for textiles	Weil Edward D et al	Journal of fire sciences	219	14.6	2008
8	Synergistic improvement of thermal conductivity of thermoplastic composites with mixed boron nitride and multi-walled carbon nanotube fillers	Pak, Seong Yeol et al	Carbon	205	18.64	2012
9	X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies of electroactive ploymers	Kang ET et al	Advances in polymer science	169	5.63	1993
10	Friction and wear of water lubricated PEEK and PPS sliding contacts	Yamamoto Y et al	Wear	167	7.95	2002
11	Synergistic improvement of thermal conductivities of polyphenylene sulfide composites filled with boron nitride hybrid fillers	Gu Junwei et al	Composites part a-applied science and manufacturing	150	25	2017
12	Improvement of thermal conductivities for PPS dielectric nanocomposites via incorporating NH₂-POSS functionalized nBN fillers	Yang Xutong et al	Composites part a-applied science and manufacturing	144	24	2017
13	Gas-transport properties of polyphenylene ethers	Aguilarve Ga M et al	Journal of polymer science part b-polymer physics	140	4.67	1993
14	Study on friction and wear behavior of polyphenylene sulfide composites reinforced by short carbon fibers and sub-micro TiO₂ particles	Jiang Zhenyu et al	Composites science and technology	136	9.07	2008
15	Crystallization kinetics of polyphenylene sulfide	Jog JP et al	Journal of applied polymer science	128	3.37	1985

The most highly cited paper titled “The development of transfer layers and their role in polymer tribology” by Bahadur S was published in the Wear in 2000.³⁴ The paper was an article with 505 citations that discussed the transfer film affects the tribological behavior when polymers were modified, and summarized previous research on the transfer film and wear rate correlation of thermo setting polyester and PPS by many fillers. The second most cited paper titled “Effects of various fillers on the sliding wear of polymer composites” by Friedrich Ket et al was published in the Composites Science and Technology in 2005.³⁵ The paper was an article of 457 citations that elucidated the effect of inorganic particle reinforced polymer composites. In order to improve the wear performance, it incorporated various inorganic nanoparticles into PEEK, PPS, PMMA, and PTFE matrices. The above two papers focused on the low friction and low wear of polymers and polymer-based composites for industrial applications.

The third most cited paper titled “Recent advances in carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites: A review” by Yao Shanshan et al. was published in Composities Part B-engineering in 2018.³⁶ The paper was a review of 343 citations, and the average citations per year was 68.6, which was ranked first among the 15 papers. In this review, the researchers explored the recent advances in the surface treatment of CFs and preparation of CF/thermoplastic composites, such as polyethylene(PE), polypropylene(PP), polyamide(PA), polycarbonate(PC), polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and PPS.

The paper titled “Lithium insertion in high-capacity carbonaceous materials” by Zheng T et al occupies the fourth position which was published in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society in 1995.³⁷ The authors reported the studies of lithium insertion in a variety of organic precursors pyrolyzed below 1000°C, which included two types of petroleum pitch, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, epoxy novolac resin and PPS.

The article titled “Effect of transfer film structure, composition and bonding on the tribological behavior of polyphenylene sulfide filled with nano particles of TiO₂, ZnO, CuO and SiC” by Bahadur S and Sunkara C occupied the fifth position.³⁸ In this paper, the tribological behavior of PPS filled with inorganic nano particles was studied.

The article titled “Studies on the tribological behavior and transfer film-counterface bond strength for polyphenylene sulfide filled with nanoscale alumina particles” by Schwartz CJ and Bahadur S occupied the sixth position.³⁹ In this paper, the tribological behavior of PPS composites made with nanoscale particles of Al₂O₃ was investigated using the pin-on-disk configuration.

The articles titled “Improvement of thermal conductivities for PPS dielectric nanocomposites via incorporating NH₂-POSS functionalized nBN fillers” and “Synergistic improvement of thermal conductivities of polyphenylene sulfide composites filled with boron nitride hybrid fillers” occupied the 11th and 12th positions. Both articles were published in 2017 and had relatively high annual average citations. The improvement of thermal conductivities of PPS composites were studied in both papers.^40,41

As a special engineering and crystalline plastic, PPS has received significant attention of its presents excellent performance such as mechanical strength, friction resistance and electrical insulation,^42,43 high flame retardance,⁴⁴ superior chemical resistance,⁴⁵ outstanding thermal and dimensional stability.⁴⁶ Furthermore, the improved recycling convenience, mass production capability and performance modification and enhancement have become a research hotspot in recent years to meet the widely applications and needs in the fields of electron, automobile, sensor, aerospace, machinery and chemical engineering.⁴⁷

Interests, progress and prospect

Research topic distribution

The reviews on PPS materials could summarize various opinions, discuss the problems, reflect the topics and future trend, which are playing an important role in guiding the scientific research of fellow researchers. The topic distribution and research interests of PPS related reviews are shown in Table 11. The topic distribution of PPS reviews has varied over time.

Table 11.

Topic distribution of PPS related reviews.

The first review on PPS material was published in 1993.⁴⁸ The total number of PPS reviews is not large, but it was concentrated in the two periods from 1993 to 1996 and 2016 to 2022. One stage was the preliminary research of PPS, and the other is the hot discussion stage in recent years, which are both relatively representative. Especially after 2018, PPS materials has attracted wide interests as its extensive application prospect. The versatile and multidisciplinary properties of PPS, as well as the variety of researchers’ academic background and fields of expertise resulted in different contents, analysis methods and research orientations. The analysis of these reviews shows that, the blends and composites of PPS and the various properties have always been an important research topic. In recent years, the research of microfiber and membrane of PPS has also begun to be summarized.

Research improvement and progress

Based on the above results of bibliometric analysis, the research progress and achievements of PPS in preparation, performance improvement and application field expansion were summarized.

Preparation of polyphenylene sulfide blends and composites

Pure PPS has some disadvantages such as poor toughness and easy fracture, thus researchers are trying to blend or compound PPS with different polymers or nanomaterials to improve its properties.⁴⁹ Around 2010, PPS blended with PA66,⁵⁰ PEEK,⁵¹ PS⁵² were prepared and the crystallization properties were studied with emphasis. Around 2015, PPS/PASS/glass fiber cloth composite,⁵³ PPS with different weight ratios of polyether sulfone(PES),⁵⁴ polyamide-6-based composites blended with PPS,⁵⁵ PPS/PET blends with styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene(SEBS) copolymers,⁵⁶ Conductive PPS/PA6/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites⁵⁷ were studied and characterized. Around 2020, the blending of nanomaterials and PPS has attracted more and more attention, including nanofibers, nanoparticles, etc. Yang et al. prepared the PPS/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composite, and found the reinforcing effect of MWCNTs on the mechanical properties of PPS, which was considered to be relevant with the uniformly dispersed MWCNTs and the interfacial crystallization.⁵⁸ Zhang et al. fabricated a boron nitride nanosheet(BN)/graphene nanosheet(GNP)/PPS composite with a dual-segregated structure, GNP improved the thermal conductivity while BN effectively performed the electromagnetic shielding.⁵⁹

Improvement of polyphenylene sulfide properties

To achieve more comprehensive performance and to be suitable for more special applications in various fields, the blending modification and functionalization of PPS are becoming a hot topic. The mechanical property,⁶⁰ thermal property,⁶¹ crystallization,⁶² structure, morphology⁶³ and other characteristics of PPS are the research focus and breakthrough point for more scholars. Jiang et al. prepared the PPS/MWCNT composites, and indicated that the mechanical properties of PPS were markedly enhanced by the incorporation of MWCNT.⁶⁴ Guo et al. prepared the aluminum nitride(AlN)/PPS composites, and the results showed that the thermal conductivity and thermal stability of AlN/PPS composites increased with the addition of AlN.⁶⁵ Deng et al. produced the PPS/GNP nanoplatelets composites, and investigated the crystallization behavior and kinetics, morphology, and thermal properties. The results show that GNP accelerate the crystallization and decrease isothermal crystallization activation energy, and also increased the thermal conductivity.⁶⁶ Li et al. studied on the Ti/SiO₂ nanocomposite modified PPS fiber which have good compatibility and better toughness and high temperature oxidation.⁶⁷ Researchers are making continuous efforts to overcome the brittleness of PPS materials, adding the excellent electrical, magnetic, optical and wave absorption characteristics on PPS to achieve the functionalization of PPS materials.

Expansion of application fields

In addition to being commonly used in the field of industrial filtration, precision mechanical parts, PPS materials have been used in medical, aerospace, defense and other fields in recent years. Nie et al. obtained the Nano-scale HA/PLGA/PPS composite materials by the physical blending method and direct composite method which was implanted into the skull of patients with large bone flap decompression.⁶⁸ After implantation of the material, the bone tissue healed well after the skull defect, and the mRNA expression of osteogenic related genes was significantly increased. Folgueras et al. produced and characterized the electromagnetic properties of a material consisting of a microwave absorbing coating applied to a laminated composite of PPS and glass fiber, and indicated that the material is an efficient absorber of microwave radiation, and could be a structural materials of interest to the aeronautical industry.⁶⁹ Yao et al. designed a kind of advanced sandwich-structured ACFs/PPS composite which had favorable tensile strength and a breakdown strength for aerospace, defense military, and electrical insulation.⁷⁰ It is worth mentioning that, PPS materials also show the great potential of a wide range of separation membrane fields in harsh environments.^71–73 Especially for a high concentration of sewage, high temperature tail gas and corrosive solid waste, PPS membranes with high temperature resistance, organic solvent resistance, acid/alkali resistance and oxidation resistance have attracted many researchers and become an valuable research direction. Zhang et al. prepared a PPS/oxidized PPS composite membrane which showed good hydrophilicity, chemical and solvent resistance, superior water flux, and anti-fouling performance, which could be applied to high-temperature filter, high-efficiency oil absorption and high-performance lithium–ion battery.⁷⁴

Prospect and expectation

In summary, scholars from all over the world focus on the enhancement and toughening of PPS, modification by blending or alloying with other polymers or other reinforcing materials, production of PPS ultrafine fiber, PPS membrane and other products, utilization of thermal conductivity, low dielectric and flame retardant properties, et al. Their researches have formed a certain system and progress and they are still continuously improving the preparation process, improve the performance characteristics, and expand the application field. In recent years, although the industries of PPS materials have developed rapidly, and many products with commercial value have been developed, there are still many defects that restrict the further industrialization or wide range application of various types of PPS materials, such as high cost of industrialization, low selectivity and poor operation stability of PPS membranes, low compatibility between PPS and other polymers, dimensional accuracy deviation of PPS products, which have become the key problems to solve and improve.

Conclusions

This paper aims to obtain the global research status and development trend of PPS through bibliometric analysis and summary. It analysis and discuss the rapidly growing topic through countries or regions, related journals, productive authors, research areas, keywords, and most cited papers in 1118 articles and reviews published from 1985 to 2022. PPS has been studied and applied for more than 30 years, and it has the steadily increasing attention from 1985 to 2015, and has received increasing attention from scientists since 2016. This bibliometric analysis confirmed that China was the dominant country in terms of contributions of paper output, followed by the USA, South Korea, Japan, India, and Germany. Germany had the highest rate of cooperation with other countries. Sichuan University in China was the most productive institution, followed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Centre National De La Recherche Scientfique and Tiangong University. “Polymer science”, “materials Science multidisciplinary” and “materials science composites” were the top three research areas of PPS material. In particular, the areas of “materials science composites”, “chemistry physical”, “nanoscience nanotechnology”, “engineering manufacturing” and “mechanics” all achieved a breakthrough multiple growth in recent years. “Journal of applied polymer science” was the most comprehensive source of PPS publications and with the highest h-index, followed by the “Wear” and “Polymer engineering and science”.

The keywords “mechanical property”, “behavior”, “composite”, “morphology”, “kinetics”, “friction”, “tribological property” and “crystallization” reflected a high level of attention for PPS, that showed the attention of polymerization, performance and composition of PPS and a hot discussion of performance improvement, application, degradation recovery and so on. The modification and functionalization of PPS are also a relatively popular field, to be suitable for more special applications in various fields. Finally, based on the results of bibliometric analysis, the research progress and achievements of PPS blends and composites, performance improvement and application field expansion were summarized. Reducing the cost of PPS industrialization, improving the stability of PPS film, improving the stability and compatibility of PPS with other polymers, and improving the accuracy of PPS products may be the key points for future research.

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the research on the influencing factors of the construction effect of university smart library --- based on user behavioral intention; Y202248663.

ORCID iDs

Shen Lu

Xing Jian

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The history,interests and future of polyphenylene sulfide: A bibliometric analysis

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Data source

Search strategy

Results of bibliometric analysis

Analysis on the global research status

Analysis on the contribution of main countries/regions

Analysis on the main research areas

Analysis on the contribution of leading institutions

Analysis on the contribution of leading authors

Analysis on the leading journals and influence

Analysis on author keywords and topic

Analysis on the most cited published documents

Interests, progress and prospect

Research topic distribution

Research improvement and progress

Preparation of polyphenylene sulfide blends and composites

Improvement of polyphenylene sulfide properties

Expansion of application fields

Prospect and expectation

Conclusions

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interests

Funding

ORCID iDs

References