Parenthood is defined through its relation to childhood: without children there are no parents. However, the way parenthood is exercised is strongly influenced by social changes outside the parent-child relationship. In this article three social changes are highlighted: fertility, family changes and employment. These changes are discussed in relation to the concept of responsibility. Taking the concept of responsibility as the point of departure, the article discusses adjustments of parenthood and childhood to these broader social changes. Attention is given to Scandinavia (Sweden, Denmark and Norway) as a whole, while less emphasis is put on differences between the countries.
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