Notwithstanding the prevalent use of donor registration prediction models grounded by the theory of planned behavior (TPB), registration behavior continues to remain low. A collective donor behavior (CDB) model underpinned by social exchange theory is introduced and its predictive ability is tested against a baseline TPB model using an online survey of adults (n = 1,055). Individuals who indicated they were not registered donors were contacted 3 months later to track their registration status. The CDB model was found to explain 45% of variance in registration intentions which was comparable in performance to TPB. Normative commitment was found to be strongly associated with registration intentions, and both institutional trust and trust in others fostered this commitment. The CDB model provides different insights on how to increase donor registration intentions. Namely, interventions need to facilitate individual positive experiences with institutions such as hospitals and strengthen social inclusion perceptions.
AllenN. J.MeyerJ. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1–18.
2.
AlmassiB. (2014). Trust and the duty of organ donation. Bioethics, 28(6), 275–283.
3.
ArmitageC. J.ConnerM. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(4), 471–499.
4.
BagozziR. P.YiY. (2012). Specification, evaluation, and interpretation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(1), 8–34.
5.
BednallT. C.BoveL. L.CheethamA.MurrayA. L. (2013). A systematic review and meta-analysis of antecedents of blood donation behavior and intentions. Social Science and Medicine, 96, 86–94.
6.
BhattacharyaC. B.SenS. (2003). Consumer-company identification: A framework for understanding consumers’ relationships with companies. Journal of Marketing, 67(2), 76–88.
7.
BladerS. L.TylerT. R. (2003). A four-component model of procedural justice: Defining the meaning of a “fair” process. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 747–758.
8.
BlauP. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. John Wiley.
9.
BoulwareL. E.TrollM. U.WangN. Y.PoweN. R. (2006). Public attitudes toward incentives for organ donation: A national study of different racial/ethnic and income groups. American Journal of Transplantation, 6(11), 2774–2785.
10.
BradfordB. (2014). Policing and social identity: Procedural justice, inclusion and cooperation between police and public. An International Journal of Research and Policy, 24(1), 22–43.
11.
BresnahanM.LeeS. Y.SmithS. W.ShearmanS.NebashiR.ParkC. Y.YooJ. (2007). A theory of planned behavior study of college students’ intention to register as organ donors in Japan, Korea, and the United States. Health Communication, 21(3), 201–211.
12.
BrewerM. B. (2008). Depersonalized trust and in group cooperation. In KruegerJJoachimI. (Ed.), Rationality and social responsibility: Essays in honor of Robyn Mason Dawes. Modern pioneers in psychological science: An APS-psychology press series (pp. 215–232). Psychology Press.
13.
BrownS. J. (2018). Autonomy, trust and ante-mortem interventions to facilitate organ donation. Clinical Ethics, 13(3), 143–150.
14.
BurkellJ. A.ChandlerJ. A.ShemieS. D. (2013). Attitudes toward reciprocity systems for organ donation and allocation for transplantation. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 38(5), 957–986.
15.
CalleroP. L.PiliavinJ. A. (1983). Developing a commitment to blood donation: The impact of one’s first experience. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13(1), 1–16.
16.
ColquittJ. A. (2001). On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 386–400.
17.
ColquittJ. A.LePineJ. A.PiccoloR. F.ZapataC. P.RichB. L. (2012). Explaining the justic-performance relationship: Trust as exchange deepener or trust as uncertainty reducer?Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(1), 1–15.
EtzioniA. (2003). Organ donation: A communitarian approach. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 13(1), 1–18.
20.
Falomir-PichastorJ. M.BerentJ. A.PereiraA. (2013). Social psychological factors of post-mortem organ donation: A theoretical review of determinants and promotion strategies. Health Psychology Review, 7(2), 202–247.
21.
FarsidesT. (2010). Perceived responsibility to act: An investigation with respect to registering willingness to become a postjumous organ donor. British Journal of Psychology, 101(3), 503–517.
22.
FishbeinM.AjzenI. (2010). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. Psychology Press.
23.
FoddyM.DawesR. M. (2008). Group-based trust in social dilemmas. In BielA.EekD.GärlingT.GustafssonM. (Eds.), New issues and paradigms in research on social dilemmas (pp. 57–71). Springer.
24.
FornellC.LarckerD. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.
25.
GerbingD. W.AndersonJ. C. (1988). An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimensionality and its assessment. Journal of Marketing Research, 25(2), 186–192.
26.
GerendM. A.ShepherdJ. E. (2012). Predicting human papillomavirus vaccine uptake in young adult women: Comparing the health belief model and theory of planned behavior. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 44(2), 171–180.
27.
GetzD. (2009). The nature and scope of festival studies. International Journal of Event Management Research, 5(1), 61–78.
28.
GieslerM. (2006). Consumer gift systems. Journal of Consumer Research, 33(2), 283–290.
29.
GoldbergD. S.HalpernS. D.ReeseP. P. (2013). Deceased organ donation consent rates among racial and ethnic minorities and older potential donors. Critical Care Medicine, 41(2), 496–505.
30.
GranovetterM. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481–510.
31.
Health Resources & Service Administration. (2019). U.S. Government information on organ donation and transplantation. https://www.organdonor.gov/
32.
HealyK. (2004). Altruism as an organisational problem: The case of organ procurement. American Sociological Review, 69(3), 387–404.
33.
HillebrandtH.SebastianC.BlakemoreS. J. (2011). Experimentally induced social inclusion influences behavior on trust games. Cognitive Neuroscience, 2(1), 27–33.
34.
HortonR. L.HortonP. J. (1991). A model of willingness to become a potential organ donor. Social Science & Medicine, 33(9), 1037–1051.
35.
HuL.BentlerP. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55.
36.
HydeM. K.KnowlesS. R.WhiteK. M. (2013). Donating blood and organs: Using an extended theory of planned behavior perspective to identify similarities and differences in individual motivations to donate. Health Education Research, 28(6), 1092–1104.
37.
IrvingM. J.TongA.JanS.CassS.RoseJ.ChadbanS.AllenR. D.CraigJ. C.WongG.HowardK. (2012). Factors that influence the decision to be an organ donor: A systematic review of the qualitative literature. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 27(6), 2526–2533.
38.
IsraniA. K.ZaunD.RosendaleJ. D.SchaffhausenC.SnyderJ. J.KasiskeB. L. (2019). OPTN/SRTR 2017 Annual data report: Deceased organ donation. American Society of Transplant Surgeons, 19(S2), 1–23.
39.
JonesC. P.PapadopoulosC.RandhawaG. (2017). Primary care interventions to encourage organ donation registration: A systematic review. Transplantation Reviews, 31(4), 268–275.
40.
KatzH.BlekherM.BoschD. A. (2019). It is all about control: Understanding reluctance to register for organ donation. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 48(3), 665–680.
41.
KonovskyM. A.PughS. D. (1994). Citizenship behavior and social exchange. Academy of Management Journal, 37(3), 656–669.
42.
KopfmanJ. E.SmithS. W. (1996). Understanding the audiences of a health communication campaign: A discriminant analysis of potential organ donors based on intent to donate. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 24(1), 33–49.
43.
KopfmanJ. E.SmithS. W.Ah YunJ. K.HodgesA. (2009). Affective and cognitive reactions to narrative versus statistical evidence organ donation messages. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 26(3), 279–300.
44.
LawlerE. J.ThyeS. R.YoonJ. (2001). Emotion and group cohesion in productive exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 106(3), 616–657.
45.
LeH.PolonskyM.ArambewelaR. (2015). Social inclusion through cultural engagement among ethnic communities. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 24(4), 375–400.
46.
LeviM. (1991). Are there limits to rationality?European Journal of Sociology, 32(1), 130–141.
47.
LeviM. (1998). A state of trust. In BraithwaiteA.LeviM. (Eds.), Trust and governance (pp. 1–18). Russell Sage Foundation.
48.
LindellM. K.WhitneyD. J. (2001). Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 114–121.
49.
LiouK. T.NyhanR. C. (1994). Dimensions of organisational commitment in the public sector: An empirical assessment. Public Administration Quarterly, 18(1), 99–118.
50.
MaloneG. P.PillowD. R.OsmanA. (2012). The general belongingness scale (GBS): Assessing achieved belongingness. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 311–316.
51.
MauS. (2004). Welfare regimes and the norms of social exchange. Current Sociology, 52(1), 53–74.
52.
McComasK.TuiteL. S.WaksL.ShermanL. A. (2007). Predicting satisfaction and outcome acceptance with advisory committee meetings: The role of procedural justice. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(5), 905–927.
53.
MeyerJ. P.AllenN. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualisation of organisational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61–89.
54.
MeyerJ. P.HerscovitchL. (2001). Commitment in the workplace toward a general model. Human Resource Management Review, 11, 299–326.
55.
MeyerJ. P.StanleyD. J.HerscovitchL.TopolnytskyL. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organisation: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 20–52.
MolmL. D. (2010). The structure of reciprocity. Social Psychology Quarterly, 73(2), 119–131.
58.
MolmL. D.CollettJ. L.SchaeferD. R. (2007). Building solidarity through exchange: A theory of reciprocity. American Journal of Sociology, 113(1), 205–242.
59.
MolmL. D.TakahashiN.PetersonG. (2000). Risk and trust in social exchange: An experimental test of a classical proposition. American Journal of Sociology, 105(5), 1396–1427.
60.
MooneyG. (1998). Beyond health outcomes: The benefits of health care. Health Care Analysis, 6(2), 99–105.
61.
MoormanR. H. (1991). Relationship between organisational justice and organisational citizenship behaviors: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship?Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 845–855.
62.
MorganM.KentenC.DeedatS. (2013). Attitudes to deceased organ donation and registration as a donor among minority ethnic groups in North America and the UK: A synthesis of quantitative and qualitative research. Ethnicity & Health, 18(4), 367–390.
63.
MorganM.MayblinM.JonesR. (2008). Ethnicity and registration as a kidney donor: The significance of identity and belonging. Social Science & Medicine, 66(1), 147–158.
64.
MorganS.MillerJ. (2002). Communicating about gifts of life: The effect of knowledge, attitudes, and altruism on behavior and behavioral intentions regarding organ donation. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 30(2), 163–178.
NewtonJ. D.NewtonF. J.EwingM. T.BurneyS. (2013). Conceptual overlap between moral norms and anticipated regret in the prediction of intention: Implications for theory of planned behaviour research. Psychology & Health, 28(5), 495–513.
67.
NijkampM. D.HollestelleM. L.ZeegersM. P.van den BorneB.ReubsaetA. (2008). To be(come) or not to be(come)an organ donor, that’s the question: A meta-analysis of determinant and intervention studies. Health Psychology Review, 2(1), 20–40.
68.
O’CarrollR. E.ShepherdL.HayesP. C.FerusonE. (2016). Anticipated regret and organ donor registration: A randomized controlled trial. Health Psychology, 35(11), 1169–1177.
69.
PodsakoffP. M.MacKenzieS. B.Jeong-YeonL.PodsakoffN. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903.
70.
QuickB. L.AnkerA. E.FeeleyT. H.MorganS. E. (2016). An examination of three theoretical models to explain the organ donation attitude-registration discrepancy among mature adults. Health Communication, 31(3), 265–274.
71.
RobinsonD. H.PerrymanJ. P.ThompsonN. J.AmaralS.ArriolaK. R. J. (2012). Testing the utility of a modified organ donation model among African American adults. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35(3), 364–374.
72.
RocheleauC. A. (2013). Organ donation intentions and behaviors: Application and extension of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(1), 201–213.
73.
RothsteinB. (2000). Trust, social dilemmas and collective memories. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 12(4), 477–501.
74.
RothsteinB. (2001). The universal welfare state as a social dilemma. Rationality and Society, 13(2), 213–233.
75.
RumseyS.HurfordD. P.ColeA. K. (2003). Influence of knowledge and religiousness on attitudes toward organ donation. Transplantation Proceedings, 35(8), 2845–2850.
76.
SanderS. L.MillerB. K. (2005). Public knowledge and attitudes regarding organ and tissue donation: An analysis of the northwest Ohio community. Patient Education and Counseling, 58(2), 154–163.
77.
SargeantA.FordJ. B.WestD. C. (2006). Perceptual determinants of nonprofit giving behavior. Journal of Business Research, 59(2), 155–165.
78.
SargeantA.LeeS. (2004). Trust and relationship commitment in the United Kingdom voluntary sector: Determinants of donor behavior. Psychology & Marketing, 21(8), 613–635.
79.
SavulescuJ. (2003). Death, us and our bodies: Personal reflections. Journal of Medical Ethics, 29(3), 127–130.
80.
SchwedaM.SchicktanzS. (2009). Public ideas and values concerning the commercialization of organ donation in four European countries. Social Science & Medicine, 68(6), 1129–1136.
81.
ShawR.BellL.WebbR. (2012). New Zealanders’ perceptions of gift and giving back as participants of organ transfer procedures. Kotuitui:. New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online, 7(1), 26–36.
82.
SheldonK. M.GunzA. (2009). Psychological needs as basic motives, not just experiential requirements. Journal of Personality, 77(5), 1467–1492.
83.
SiegalG.BonnieR. J. (2006). Closing the organ gap: A reciprocity-based social contract approach. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 34(2), 415–423.
84.
SiegelJ. T.AlvaroE. M.CranoW. D.LacA.TingS.JonesS. P. (2008). A quasi-experimental investigation of message appeal variations on organ donor registration rates. Health Psychology, 27(2), 170–178.
85.
SiegelJ. T.NavarroM. A.TanC. N.HydeM. K. (2014). Attitude-behavior consistency, the principle of compatibility, and organ donation: A classic innovation. Health Psychology, 33(9), 1084–1091.
86.
SiminoffL. A.ArnoldR. (1999). Increasing organ donation in the African-American community: Altruism in the face of an untrustworthy system. Annals of Internal Medicine, 130(7), 607–609.
87.
SiminoffL. A.BurantC. J.IbrahimS. A. (2006). Racial disparities in preferences and perceptions regarding organ donation. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(9), 995–1000.
88.
SniehottaF. F.PresseauJ.Araújo-SoaresV. (2014). Time to retire the theory of planned behaviour. Health Psychology Review, 8(1), 1–7.
89.
StephensonM. T.MorganS. E.Roberts-PerezS. D.HarrisonT.AfifiW.LongS. D. (2008). The role of religiosity, religious norms, subjective norms, and bodily integrity in signing an organ donor card. Health Communication, 23(5), 436–447.
90.
TidwellM. V. (2005). A social identity model of prosocial behaviors within nonprofit organisations. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 15(4), 449–467.
91.
TwengeJ. M.DeWallC. N.BartelsJ. M.CiaroccoN.BaumeisterR. F. (2007). Social exclusion decreases prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(1), 56–66.
92.
Vorstius KruijffP. E.WitjesM.JansenN. E.SlappendelR. (2018). Barriers to registration in the national donor registry in nations using the opt-in system: A review of the literature. Transplantation Proceedings, 50(10), 2997–3009.
93.
YamagishiT.CookK. S. (1993). Generalized exchange and social dilemmas. Social Psychology Quarterly, 56(4), 235–248.
94.
YamagishiT.KiyonariT. (2000). The group as the container of generalized reciprocity. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63(2), 116–132.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
