Insulin Pharmacotherapy

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Bliss M : The Discovery of Insulin. Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press, 1982.

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Kahn CR Shechter Y : Insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, and the pharmacology of the endocrine pancreas, in Gilman AF Rall TW Nies AS Taylor P (eds): Goodman and Gilman, The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutics, eighth ed. New York, NY, Pergamon Press, 1990, pp 1473–1474.

Galloway JA : Insulin treatment for the early 80's: Facts and questions about old and new insulins and their usage Diabetes Care 3:615–622, 1980.

Decken T : Intermediate-acting insulin preparations: NPH and lente Diabetes Care 3:623–626, 1980.

Francisco GE : Diabetes mellitus, in DiPiro JT Talbert R Hayes P Yee G (eds): Pharmacotherapy, A Pathophysiologic Approach. New York, NY, Elsevier, 1989.

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Kahn CR Shechter Y : Insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, and the pharmacology of the endocrine pancreas, in Gilman AF Rall TW Nies AS Taylor P (eds): Goodman and Gilman, The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutics, eighth ed. New York, NY, Pergamon Press, 1990, p 1475.

Frazier LM Mulrow CD Alexander LT ,: Need for insulin therapy in type II diabetes mellitus: A randomized trial Arch Intern Med 147:1085–1089, 1987.

Skyler JS : Insulin pharmacology Med Clin North Am 72:1337–1354, 1988.

Kahn CR Shechter Y : Insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, and the pharmacology of the endocrine pancreas, in Gilman AF Rall TW Nies AS Taylor P (eds): Goodman and Gilman, The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutics, eighth ed. New York, NY, Pergamon Press, 1990, p 1477.

Position Statement: Insulin Administration. Diabetes Care 14:30–33, 1991 (suppl 2).

Galloway JA Spradlin CT Nelson RL ,: Factors influencing the absorption, serum insulin concentration, and blood glucose responses after injections of regular insulin and various insulin mixtures Diabetes Care 4:366–376, 1981.

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American Diabetes Association: The Physician's Guide to Type II Diabetes (NIDDM): Diagnosis and Treatment. New York, NY, American Diabetes Association, 1984, pp 1–112.

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Gregerman RI : Diabetes mellitus, in Barker LR Burton JR Zieve PD (eds): Principles of Ambulatory Medicine. Baltimore, MD, Williams and Wilkins, 1986, pp 951–986.

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Heine RJ ,: Absorption kinetics and action profiles of mixtures of short- and intermediate-acting insulins Diabetologia 27:558–562, 1984.

Olsson P-O Hans A Henning VS : Miscibility of human semisynthetic regular and lente insulin and human biosynthetic regular and NPH insulin Diabetes Care 10:473–477, 1987.

Best JD Ley CJ Strauss BJG ,: Clinical effects of mixing short- and intermediate-acting insulins in treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes Med J Aust 146:621–627, 1987.

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Adams PS Haines-Nutt RF Town R : Stability of insulin mixtures in disposable plastic insulin syringes J Pharm Pharmacol 39:158–163, 1987.

Peters AL Davidson MB : Effect of storage on action of NPH and regular insulin mixtures Diabetes Care 10:799–800, 1987.

Jawadi MH Ho LS : Stability and reproducibility of biologic activity of premixed and short-acting and intermediate-acting insulins Am J Med 81:467–471, 1986.

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Galloway JA : Insulin treatment for the early 80's: Facts and questions about old and new insulins and their usage Diabetes Care 3:615–622, 1980.

Skyler JS : Plethora of insulins, editorial Diabetes Care 3:638–639, 1980.

Sonnenberg GE Berger M : Human insulin: Much ado about one amino acid? Editorial Diabetologia 25:457–459, 1983.

Hepburn DA Frier BM : Hypoglycemic unawareness and human insulin. Lancet June 17, 1989 (letter) 1393.

Mulhauser I Heinemann L Fritsche E ,: Hypoglycemic symptoms and frequency of severe hypoglycemia in patients treated with human and animal insulin preparations Diabetes Care 14:745–749, 1991.

Clarke WL Gonder-Frederick LA Richards FE ,: Multifactorial origin of hypoglycemic symptom unawareness in IDDM Diabetes 40:680–685, 1991.

Kern W Lieb K Kerner W ,: Differential effects of human and pork insulin-induced hypoglycemia on neuronal functions in humans Diabetes 39:1091–1095, 1990.

Jellin JM (ed): Pharm Letter 6:34, 1990.

Jellin JM (ed): Pharm Letter 5:41, 1989.

Jellin JM : Pharm Letter 7:60, 1991.

Point Study Group: One-year trial of a remote-controlled implantable insulin infusion system in type I diabetic patients. Lancet 2:866–869, 1988.

Halle J-P Lambert J Lindmeyer I ,: Twice-daily mixed regular and NPH insulin injections with new jet injector versus conventional syringes: Pharmacokinetics of insulin absorption Diabetes Care 9:279–282, 1986.

Malone JI Lewitt S Grove WP ,: Comparison of insulin levels after injection by jet stream and disposable insulin syringe Diabetes Care 9:637–640, 1986.

Edsberg B ,: Sprinkler needle spreads insulin load for diabetic patients Br Med J 294:1373–1376, 1987.

American Diabetes Association Task force: Position statement on jet injectors. Diabetes Care 11:600–601, 1988.

Salzman R Manson JE Griffing GT ,: Intranasal aerosolized insulin: Mixed-meal studies and long-term use in type I diabetes N Engl J Med 312:1078–1084, 1985.

Corry RJ : Vascularized pancreas transplantation Diabetes 38:321–322, 1989 (suppl 1).

Alejandro R Noel J Latif Z ,: Human islet cell transplantation: University of Miami School of Medicine experience, in Brunetti P Waldhausl WK (eds): Advanced Models for the Therapy of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes. New York, NY, Raven Press, 1987.

Pfeiffer EF : On the way to the automated (blood) glucose regulation in diabetes: The dark past, the grey present, the rosy future Diabetologia 30:51–65, 1987.

Francisco GE : Diabetes mellitus, in DiPiro JT Talbert R Hayes P Yee G (eds): Pharmacotherapy, A Pathophysiologic Approach. New York, NY, Elsevier, 1989 p 815.

Gossel TA Wuest JR : Advising patients on insulin use. Mississippi Pharmacist September/October 1991, pp 35–37.

Position Statement: Insulin Administration, Diabets Care, 14:30–33, 1991 (suppl 2).

Francisco GE : Diabetes mellitus, in DiPiro JT Talbert R Hayes P Yee G (eds): Pharmacotherapy, A Pathophysiologic Approach. Elsevier, New York, NY 1989, p 812.