The parent–teacher system is influential in promoting students’ career development. Guided by the systems theory framework of career development and spillover theory, this study examined the direct association between parent–teacher relationships and high school students’ career development. Furthermore, it analyzed the indirect effect of parent–teacher relationship on career development through parents’ and teachers’ support for students’ autonomy and the moderating role of the type of school. Data analyses were conducted on 1,452 students (46.5% males) in Grade 10 (aged approximately 15–16 years) from an academically oriented high school (53.0%) and a vocational high school (47.0%) in Beijing. The students completed questionnaires on the parent–teacher relationship, parent autonomy support, teacher autonomy support, and career development. The results indicated that the parent–teacher relationship predicted career development directly as well as indirectly through parent autonomy support. Moreover, there was no difference in the results of the structural equation model analysis among students in academically oriented and vocational high schools. Last, further implications and limitations are discussed.
ArunkumarR.MidgleyC.UrdanT. (1999). Perceiving high or low home-school dissonance: Longitudinal effects on adolescent emotional and academic well-being. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 9(4), 441–466. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327795jra0904_4
2.
BirkJ. M.BlimlineC. A. (1984). Parents as career development facilitators: An untapped resource for the counselor. The School Counselor, 31(4), 310–317.
3.
BoosterG. D.MautoneJ. A.Nissley-TsiopinisJ.Van DykeD.PowerT. J. (2016). Reductions in negative parenting practices mediate the effect of a family–school intervention for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. School Psychology Review, 45(2), 192-208. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1831200985?accountid=8554.
4.
BrislinR. W. (1980). Translation and content analysis of oral and written materials. In TriandisH. C.BerryJ. W. (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 389–444). Allyn & Bacon.
5.
Brown-WrightL.TylerK. M.Stevens-WatkinsD.ThomasD.MulderS.HughesT.Stevens-MorganR.Roan-BelleC.GadsonN.SmithL. T. (2013). Investigating the link between home-school dissonance and academic cheating among high school students. Urban Education, 48(2), 314-334. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085912469203.
6.
ByrneB. M. (2011). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Routledge.
7.
ByrneB. M.ShavelsonR. J.MuthénB. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 105(3), 456–466. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.456
8.
ChenF. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(3), 464–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
9.
CheungG. W.LauR. S. (2008). Testing mediation and suppression effects of latent variables: Bootstrapping with structural equation models. Organizational Research Methods, 11(2), 296–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428107300343
10.
CheungG. W.RensvoldR. B. (1999). Testing factorial invariance across groups: A reconceptualization and proposed new method. Journal of Management, 25(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639902500101
11.
CheungG. W.RensvoldR. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
12.
China’s State Council (2021). Gaozhi he zhongzhi biyesheng bannianhou jiuyelv fenbie wending zai 90 % he 95% zuoyou [the graduate employment rate of higher and secondary vocational school remained stable at around 90% and 95% respectively]. People’s Daily, December 20. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-12/20/content_5661997.htm
ChoiY.KimJ.KimS. (2015). Career development and school success in adolescents: The role of career interventions. The Career Development Quarterly, 63(2), 171-186. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12012.
15.
ClarkeB. L.SheridanS. M.WoodsK. E. (2009). Elements of healthy family-school relationships. In ChristensonS. L.ReschlyA. L. (Eds.), Handbook of school–family partnerships (pp. 61–79). Routledge.
16.
DawsonA. E.WymbsB. T. (2016). Validity and utility of the parent-teacher relationship scale-ii. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 34(8), 751–764. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282915627027
17.
DengL.ZhouN.NieR.JinP.YangM.FangX. (2017). Parent–teacher partnership and high school students’ development in Chinese mainland: The mediating role of teacher-student relationship. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 38(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2017.1361904
18.
ErelO.BurmanB. (1995). Interrelatedness of marital relations and parent–child relations: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 118(1), 108–132. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.118.1.108
19.
FanW.LeongF. (2016). Introduction to the special issue: Career development and intervention in Chinese contexts. The Career Development Quarterly, 64(3), 192–202. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12054
20.
FritzM. S.TaylorA. B.MackinnonD. P. (2012). Explanation of two anomalous results in statistical mediation analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 47(1), 61–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2012.640596
21.
GuayF.SenécalC.GauthierL.FernetC. (2003). Predicting career indecision: A self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(2), 165–177. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.50.2.165
HuL. T.BentlerP. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
24.
LiuG. R. (2010). The relationship among autonomy support, causality orientations and creativity in undergraduates. Master Dissertation in Shandong Normal University.
25.
LiuG. X. Y.HelwigC. C. (2022). Autonomy, social inequality, and support in Chinese urban and rural adolescents’ reasoning about the Chinese college entrance examination (Gaokao). Journal of Adolescent Research, 35(7), 639-671. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558420914082.
26.
McMahonM.PattonW. (1995). Development of a systems theory of career development: A brief overview. Australian Journal of Career Development, 4(2), 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103841629500400207
27.
MeadeA. W.JohnsonE. C.BraddyP. W. (2008). Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 568–592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.568
28.
MilsomA.HartleyM. T. (2005). Assisting students with learning disabilities transitioning to college: What school counselors should know. Professional School Counseling, 8(5), 436–441. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42732486
29.
PeschK. M.LarsonL. M.SurapaneniS. (2016). Parental autonomy support and career well-being: Mediating effects of perceived academic competence and volitional autonomy. Journal of Career Assessment, 24(3), 497–512. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072715599392
30.
PodsakoffP. M.MacKenzieS. B.LeeJ. Y.PodsakoffN. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
31.
PodsakoffP. M.MacKenzieS. B.PodsakoffN. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539–569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452
32.
RepettiR. L. (1987). Links between work and family role. In OskampS. (Ed.), Family processes and problems: Social psychological aspects (pp. 98–127). Sage.
RyanR. M.DeciE. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
35.
SavickasM. L. (2011). The career story interview. In CarlsonJ.Englar-CarlsonM. (Eds), Career counseling (pp. 55–65). American Psychological Association.
SheridanS. M.BovairdJ. A.GloverT. A.Andrew GarbaczS.WitteA.KwonK. (2012). A randomized trial examining the effects of conjoint behavioral consultation and the mediating role of the parent–teacher relationship. School Psychology Review, 41(1), 23-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2012.12087374.
38.
SoenensB.VansteenkisteM.LensW.LuyckxK.GoossensL.BeyersW.RyanR. M. (2007). Conceptualizing parental autonomy support: Adolescent perceptions of promotion of independence versus promotion of volitional functioning. Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 633–646. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.633
39.
StringerK.KerpelmanJ.SkorikovV. (2012). A longitudinal examination of career preparation and adjustment during the transition from high school. Developmental Psychology, 48(5), 1343–1354. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027296
40.
SuperD. E. (1990). A life-span, life-space approach to career development. In BrownD.BrooksL. (Eds.), Career choice and development: Applying contemporary approaches to practice (pp. 11–20). Jossey-Bass.
41.
TangQ.FangX. Y.HuW.ChenH. D.WuM. X.WangF. (2013). The association between parental autonomy support and teacher autonomy support and high school students’ development. Psychological Development and Education, 29(6), 604-615.
42.
WalshS. D.Harel-FischY.Fogel-GrinvaldH. (2010). Parents, teachers and peer relations as predictors of risk behaviors and mental well-being among immigrant and Israeli born adolescents. Social Science & Medicine, 70(7), 976–984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.12.010
43.
WangQ.PomerantzE.ChenH. (2007). The role of parents control in early adolescents psychological functioning: A longitudinal investigation in the United States and China. Child Development, 78(5), 1592–1610. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01085.x
44.
WatkinsonJ. S.HersiA. A. (2014). School counselors supporting african immigrant students’ career development: A case study. The Career Development Quarterly, 62(1), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2014.00069.x
45.
WilliamsG. C.DeciE. L. (1996). Internalization of biopsychosocial values by medical students: A test of self-determination theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(4), 767–779. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.4.767
46.
YuenM.GysbersN. C.ChanR. M.LauP. S.LeungT. K.HuiE. K.SheaP. M. (2005). Developing a career development self-efficacy instrument for Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 5(1), 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10775-005-2126-3
47.
ZhangJ.YuenM.ChenG. (2018). Teacher support for career development: An integrative review and research agenda. Career Development International, 23(2), 122–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/CDI-09-2016-0155
48.
ZhangY.GuH.ZhangZ. (2018). Status quo of high school students’ selection of the subjects for college entrance examination and factors analysis: Taking the first batch of selected students in 5 high schools in Zhejiang province as as example. Journal of Educational Studies, 14(4), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.14082/j.cnki.1673-1298.2018.04.005
49.
ZhouN.CaoH.NieY.LiX.YuS.LiangY.DengX.BuehlerCZangNSunRFangX. (2020). Career-related parental processes and career adaptability and ambivalence among Chinese adolescents: A person-centered approach. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 30(1), 234–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12520
50.
Zimmer-GembeckM. J.CollinsW. A. (2003). Autonomy development during adolescence. In AdamsG. R.BerzonskyM. D. (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of adolescence (pp. 175–204). Blackwell.
