In an era of digital government, citizen-centric governance is a central aim—one that is often predicated on more efficient and responsive service owed through digital connectivity. Antiterrorism efforts accentuate this focus, albeit with a very different set of aims. Governments have been quick to establish new antiterrorism and homeland security measures that create new and expanded capacities for gathering, analyzing, and sharing information. In doing so, tensions have arisen with respect to the appropriate scope of governmental action, and the proper mix of secrecy and transparency. Such tensions also extend beyond borders, as North American governance faces new and rising pressures to adapt to a post–September 11, 2001, nexus of security, technology, and democracy. This article argues that the culture of secrecy already prevalent within security authorities is being extended to continentally under the guise of interoperability without sufficient effort to ensure openness and public accountability within and between countries.
Ifill, G. (Host), & Strossman, N. (Guest). (2005, April 5). Renewing the PATRIOT Act. The News Hour. Available at www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/terrorism/jan-june05/patriot_4-5.html
2.
Allen, B., Juillet, L., Paquet, G., & Roy, J. (2001). E-government in Canada: People, partnerships and prospects. Government Information Quarterly, 30(1), 36-47.
3.
Allen, B. A., Paquet, G., Juillet, L., & Roy, J. (2005). E-government and private-public partnerships: Relational challenges and strategic directions. In M. Khosrow-Pour (Ed.), Practising e-government: A global perspective (pp. 364-382). Hershey, PA: Ideas Group Publishing.
4.
Allman, W., & Barrette, D. (2004). Opening submission of the International Civil Liberties Monitoring Group. Ottawa: Government of Canada.
5.
Auditor General of Canada. (2004). National security in Canada: The 2001 Anti-Terrorism Initiative. Ottawa: Government of Canada. Available at www.oag-bvg.gc.ca
6.
Auditor General of Canada. (2005a). National security in Canada: The 2001 Anti-Terrorism Initiative. Ottawa: Government of Canada. Available at www.oag-bvg.gc.ca
7.
Auditor General of Canada. (2005b). Passport services. Ottawa: Government of Canada. Available at www.oagbvg.gc.ca
8.
Barber, B. (2003). Fear’s empire: War, terrorism and democracy. New York: Norton.
9.
Barry, D. (2004). Managing Canada: US relations in the post-9/11 era—Do we need a big idea? [Policy Paper on the Americas V XIV (11)]. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
10.
Bennett, C. J., & Raab, C. (2003). The governance of privacy. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
11.
Brenner, S. W. (2004). U. S. cybercrime laws: Defining offenses. Information Systems Frontiers, 6(2), 115-132.
12.
Brown, M. (Ed.). (2003). Grave new world: Security challenges in the 21st century. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
13.
Bryant, A., & Colledge, B. (2002). Trust in electronic commerce business relationships. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 3(2), 32-39.
14.
Clifford, M. (2004). Identifying and exploring security essentials. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
15.
Courtois, B. (2005, February 11). The US Patriot Act and the privacy of Canadians. Speech: Privacy and Security Synergies in an e-Society Conference, Victoria, Canada. Available at www.itac.ca
16.
Demchak, C. C. (1999). “New security” in cyberspace: Emerging intersection between military and civilian contingencies. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 7(4), 181-198.
17.
Denning, D. (2003). Information technology and security. In M. Brown (Ed.), Grave new world: Security challenges in the 21st century (pp. 47-61). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
18.
Department of Foreign Affairs. (2005). Travel fact sheets. Ottawa: Government of Canada. Available at www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca
19.
De Rosa, M. (2003). Privacy in the age of terror. Washington Quarterly, 26(3), 27-41.
20.
Desouza, K., & Vanapalli, G. (2005). Securing knowledge in organizations: lessons from the defense and intelligence sectors. International Journal of Information Management, 25(1), 85-98.
21.
Dutta, A., & McCrohan, K. (2002). Management’s role in information security in a cyber economy. California Management Review, 45(1), 67-87.
22.
EGovernment Observatory (2002). Survey on egovernment services to enterprises. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission Enterprise Directorate General.
23.
Ferguson, Y. H., & Jones, R. B. J. (Eds.). (2002). Political space: Frontiers of change and governance in a globalizing world. Albany: State University of New York Press.
24.
Fitzgerald, A. M. (2004). Addressing the security-development nexus: Implications for joined-up government. Montreal, Canada: Institute for Research on Public Policy.
25.
Fountain, J. E. (2001). Building the virtual state: Information technology and institutional change. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
26.
Gerhart, B., & Torok-Apro, R. (2005). The Canadian passport system: Assessing the interface between technology, security and mobility. Graduate research paper, University of Victoria, School of Public Administration, Victoria, Canada.
27.
Giddens, A. (2002). Runaway world: How globalization is reshaping our lives. London: Profile Books.
28.
Gill, P. (2004). Securing the globe: Intelligence and the post-9-11 shift from “liddism” to “drainism.”Intelligence and National Security, 19(3), 467-489.
29.
Government of Canada. (2004). Advance Passenger Information/Passenger Name Record - Fact sheet). Ottawa: Author. Available at www.cbsa.asfc.gc.ca/newsroom/factsheets/2004/0124pssengere.html
30.
Grabbe, H. (2005). Conclusion: The politics of freedom, security and justice in the enlarging EU. In K. Henderson (Ed.), The area of freedom, security and justice in the enlarged Europe (pp. 161-167). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
31.
Hart-Teeter. (2003). The new e-government equation: Ease, engagement, privacy and protection. Washington, DC: Council for Excellence in Government.
32.
Hart-Teeter. (2004). From the home front to the front lines: America speaks out about homeland security. Washington, DC: Council for Excellence in Government.
33.
Hayden, P. (2005). Cosmopolitan global politics. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
34.
Henderson, K. (2005). The area of freedom, security and justice in the enlarged Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
35.
Henrich, V. C., & Link, A. N. (2003). Deploying homeland security technology. Journal of Technology Transfer, 28, 363-368.
36.
Heymann, P. B. (2001/2002). Dealing with terrorism: An overview. International Security, 26(3), 24-38.
37.
Holden, S. (2004). Understanding electronic signatures: The keys to e-government. Washington, DC: IBM Center for the Business of Government.
38.
Jorgensen, K. E., & Rosamond, B. (2002). Europe: Regional laboratory for a global polity. In M. Ougaard & R. Higgott (Eds.), Towards a global polity (pp. 145-165). London: Routledge.
39.
Joshi, J. B. D., Ghafoor, A., & Aref, W. G. (2002). Security and privacy challenges of a digital government. In W. J. McIver & A. K. Elmagarmid (Eds.), Advances in digital government: Technology, human factors and policy (pp. 42-56). Boston: Kluwer Academic.
40.
Kernaghan, K., & Gunraj, J. (2004). Integrating information technology into public administration: Concepts and practical considerations. Canadian Public Administration, 47(4), 525-546.
41.
Kruger, E., Mulder, M., & Korenic, B. (2004, Fall). Canada after 11 September: Measures and “preferred” immigrants. Mediterranean Quarterly, 72-87.
42.
Loukidelis, D. (2004). Identity, privacy, security: Can technology really reconcile them? [An address by B.C.’s Privacy Commissioner]. Victoria, Canada: Office of the Privacy Commissioner. Available at www.oipc.bc.ca
43.
McLuhan, M., & Firoe, Q. (1968). War and peace in the global village. New York: McGraw-Hill.
44.
Meyers, D. W. (2003). Does “smarter” lead to safer? An assessment of the US border accords with Mexico and Canada. International Migration, 41(1), 5-44.
45.
Nugent, J. H., & Raisinghani, M. S. (2002). The information technology and telecommunications security imperative: Important issues and drivers. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 3(1), 1-14.
46.
O’Harrow, R. (2004). No place to hide. New York: Free Press.
47.
Ougaard, M., & Higgott, R. (Eds.). (2002). Towards a global polity. London: Routledge.
48.
Paquet, G. (1997). States, communities and markets: The distributed governance scenario. In T. J. Courchene (Ed.), The nation-state in a global information era: Policy challenges: The Bell Canada Papers in economics and public policy (pp. 25-46). Kingston, Canada: John Deutsch Institute for the Study of Economic Policy.
49.
Pastor, R. (2001). Toward A North American community. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.
50.
Pastor, R. (2004, January/February). North America’s second decade. Foreign Affairs. Available at www.foreignaffairs.org
51.
Pavlichev, A., & Garson, G. D. (Eds.). (2004). Digital government: Principles and best practises. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing.
52.
Preyer, G., & Bos, M. (Eds.). (2002). Borderlines in a globalized world. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
53.
Reid, J. (2004). Holding governments accountable by strengthening access to information laws and information management practices. In L. Oliver & L. Sanders (Eds.), E-government reconsidered: Renewal of governance for the knowledge age (pp. 79-88). Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center.
54.
Ronchi, S. (2003). The Internet and the customer-supplier relationship. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
55.
Roy, J. (2005a). E-governance and international relations: A consideration of newly emerging capacities in a multilevel world. Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6(1), 44-55.
56.
Roy, J. (2005b). Services, security, transparency and trust: Government online or governance renewal in Canada?International Journal of E-Government Research, 1(1), 48-58.
57.
Salter, M. (2004) Passports, mobility and security: How smart can the border be?International Studies Perspective, 5, 71-91.
58.
Scholl, H. (2005). Motives, strategic approach, objectives and focal points in e-government-induced change. International Journal of E-Government Research, 1(1), 59-78.
59.
Secrecy report card: An update. (2005, April 5). Available at openthegovernment.org
60.
Sirmakessis, S. (2004). Text mining and its applications. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.
61.
Shearman, P., & Sussex, M. (2004). European security After 9-11. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
62.
Smith, M. (2004). Europe’s foreign and security policy: The institutionalization of cooperation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
63.
Standing Senate Committee on National Security and Defence. (2004). National emergencies: Canada’s fragile front lines. Ottawa: Parliament of Canada.
64.
Su, S., Fortes, J., Kasad, T. R., Patil, M., Matsunaga, A., Tsugawa, M., et al. (2005). Transnational information sharing, event notification, rule enforcement and process coordination. Journal of E-Government Research, 1(2), 1-26.
65.
Waugh, W. L. (2003). Terrorism, homeland security and the national emergency management framework. Public Organization Review, 3, 373-385.
66.
White House. (2004). National strategy to secure cyberspace (OIG-04-31). Available at www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/policy/national/cyberspace%20_strategy2003.pdf
