A philosophical inquiry into the concept of energy revealed two ideas of energy across multiple disciplines. Analysis of the conceptual models of Nightingale, Levine, and Rogers supported the presence of two paradigmatic views of energy in nursing science that, while divergent, share a common theme. The outcome of this inquiry leads to the tentative belief that there is unity in diversity and may perhaps lead to refinement of existing nursing theory and a more congruent framework for scientific inquiry. This article specifically addresses the nursing theoretical implications related to ideas of energy arising from the inquiry.
Andersen, M. D. , & Smereck, G.A.D. (1989). Personalized nursing LIGHT model. Nursing Science Quarterly, 2, 120-130.
2.
Aquinas, T. (1948). The summa theologica, question II: The existence of God. In A. Pegis (Ed.), Introduction to St. Thomas Aquinas (pp. 20-27). New York: Modern Library.
3.
Barrett, E.A.M. (1989). A nursing theory of power for nursing practice. In J. P. RiehlSisca (Ed.), Conceptual models for nursing practice (3rd ed., pp. 207-217). Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange.
4.
Bergson, H. (1944). Creative evolution (A. Mitchell, Trans.). New York: Modern Library. (Original work published 1911.)
5.
Bernoulli, J. (1963). Jean Bernoulli’s principle of virtual velocities. In W. F. Magie (Ed.), A source book in physics (pp. 48-50). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1717.)
6.
Bohm, D. (1980). Wholeness and the implicate order. New York: Ark.
7.
Bohr, N. (1963). Essays 1958-1962 on atomic physics and human knowledge. Bungay, UK: Richard Clay.
8.
Capra, F. , Steindl-Rast, D., & Matus, T. (1991). Belonging to the universe: Explorations on the frontiers of science and spirituality. San Francisco: Harper Collins.
9.
Cody, W. (1996). Response to “On the requirements for a metaparadigm: An invitation to dialogue.”Nursing Science Quarterly, 9, 97-99.
10.
Colding, L. (1972). On the history of the principle of the conservation of energy. In P. F. Dahl (Trans.), Ludvig Colding and the conservation of energy principle: Experimental and philosophical contributions (pp. 159-166). New York: Johnson Reprint Corp. (Original work published 1863.)
11.
Davies, P. (1988). The cosmic blueprint: New discoveries in nature’s creative ability to order the universe. New York: Simon & Schuster.
12.
Descartes, R. (1972). Principles of philosophy. In E. S. Haldane & G.R.T. Ross (Eds. & Trans.), The philosophical works of Descartes (Vol. 1, pp. 203-302). New York: Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1644.)
13.
Dickson, G. (1993). Metaphors of menopause: The metalanguage of menopause research. In J. C. Callahan (Ed.), Menopause: A midlife passage (pp. 36-58). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
14.
Edgerton, S. (1988). Philosophical analysis. In B. Sarter (Ed.), Paths to knowledge (pp. 169-182). New York: National League for Nursing Press.
15.
Einstein, A. (1954). Ideas and opinions. New York: Wings Books.
16.
Ellis, R. (1983). Philosophic inquiry. In H. H. Werley & J. J. Fitzpatrick (Eds.), Annual review of nursing research (Vol. 1, pp. 211-228). New York: Springer.
17.
Faraday, M. (1993). The forces of matter. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.
18.
Fawcett, J. (1993). From a plethora of paradigms to parsimony in worldviews. Nursing Science Quarterly, 6, 56-58.
19.
Fox, M. , & Sheldrake, R. (1996). Natural grace: Dialogues on creation, darkness, and the soul in spirituality and science. New York: Doubleday.
20.
Heisenberg, W. (1958). Physics and philosophy: The revolution in modern science. New York: Harper & Row.
21.
Joule, J. P. (1975). On matter, living force, and heat. In R. B. Lindsay (Ed.), Energy: Historical development of the concept (pp. 349-360). Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc. (Original work published 1847.)
22.
Levine, M. E. (1967). The four conservation principles of nursing. Nursing Forum, 6, 45-59.
23.
Levine, M. (1988). Antecedents from adjunctive disciplines: Creation of nursing theory. Nursing Science Quarterly, 1, 16-21.
24.
Levine, M. E. (1989). The four conservation principles: Twenty years later. In J. P. Riehl-Sisca (Ed.), Conceptual models for nursing practice (3rd ed., pp. 325-327). Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange.
25.
Levine, M. E. (1996). The conservation principles: A retrospective. Nursing Science Quarterly, 1, 38-41.
26.
Lindsay, R. B. (Ed.). (1975). Energy: Historical development of the concept. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross.
27.
Lobo, M. L. (1995). Florence Nightingale. In J. B. George (Ed.), Nursing theories: The base for professional nursing practice (pp. 33-48). Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange.
28.
Macrae, J. (1995). Nightingale’s spiritual philosophy. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 27, 8-10.
29.
Malinski, V. M. (1993). Therapeutic touch: The view from Rogerian nursing science. Visions: The Journal of Rogerian Nursing Science, 1, 45-54.
30.
Martinich, A. P. (1989). Philosophical writing: An introduction. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
31.
Maxwell, J. C. (1982). A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press. (Original work published 1865.)
32.
Mayer, J. R. (1975). On the forces of inorganic nature. In R. B. Lindsay (Ed.), Energy: Historical development of the concept (pp. 277-283). Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc. (Original work published 1842.)
33.
Mitchell, E. D. (1996). The way of the explorer: An Apollo astronaut’s journey through the material and mystical worlds. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.
34.
Newman, M. (1992). Prevailing paradigms in nursing. Nursing Outlook, 40, 10-13, 32.
35.
Newton, I. (1995). The principia (A. Motte, Trans.). New York: Prometheus Books. (Original work published 1704)
36.
Nightingale, F. (1946). Notes on nursing: What it is, and what it is not. London: Harrison and Sons. (Original work published 1859)
37.
Parse, R. R. (1987). Major paradigms, theories, and critiques. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
38.
Phillips, J. R. (1990). Changing human potentials and future visions of nursing: A human field image perspective. In E.A.M. Barrett (Ed.), Visions of Rogers’ science-based nursing (pp. 13-25). New York: National League for Nursing Press.
39.
Phillips, J. R. (1992). Search in research. Nursing Science Quarterly, 5, 50-51.
40.
Prigogine, I. (1996). The end of certainty: Time, chaos, and the new laws of nature. New York: Free Press.
41.
Rogers, M. E. (1970). An introduction to the theoretical basis of nursing. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
42.
Rogers, M. E. (1987). Rogers’ science of unitary human beings. In R. R. Parse (Ed.), Nursing science: Major paradigms, theories, and critiques (pp. 139-164). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
43.
Rogers, M. E. (1992). Nursing science and the space age. Nursing Science Quarterly, 5, 27-34.
44.
Sarter, B. (1988). The stream of becoming. New York: National League for Nursing Press.
45.
Sarter, B. (1989). Some critical philosophical issues in the science of unitary human beings. Nursing Science Quarterly, 2, 74-78.
46.
Sheldrake, R. (1991). Cause and effect in science: A fresh look. In B. McNeill & C. Guion (Eds.), Noetic sciences collection 19801990 (pp. 74-83). Sausalito, CA: Institute of Noetic Sciences.
47.
Teilhard de Chardin, P. (1959). The phenomenon of man (B. Wall, Trans.). New York: Harper & Row.
48.
Todaro-Franceschi, V. (1997). The enigma of energy: A philosophical inquiry. Dissertation Abstracts International, UMI No. 9819881.
49.
Todaro-Franceschi, V. (1999a). The enigma of energy: Where science and religion converge. New York: Crossroad.
50.
Todaro-Franceschi, V. (1999b). The idea of energy as phenomenon and Rogerian science: Are they congruent?Visions: The Journal of Rogerian Nursing Science, 7, 30-41.
51.
Weber, R. (1986). Dialogues with scientists and sages: The search for unity. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
52.
Woodhouse, M. (1996). Paradigm wars: Worldviews for a new age. Berkeley, CA: Frog.
