In a previous MCQ article, Monge et al. overviewed the fundamental concepts and processes of evolutionary theory and their applications to key issues in organizational communication. This article extends that work by providing an overview of research tools for studying organizational ecology and evolution, including (a) the variation-selection-retention sequence, (b) the likelihood of events occurring over a period of time (event history analysis), (c) transition sequence of populations from one state to another (sequence analysis), (d) relationships among nodes in networks over time (network analysis), (e) simulation of complex relationships and interactions (computational modeling), (f) changes in populations’ fitness for survival (NKC models), and (g) competitive interdependence among populations over time (predator—prey models). We conclude with a brief review of graphical and qualitative methods.
Abbott, A., & Hrycak, A. ( 1990). Measuring resemblance in sequence data: An optimal matching analysis of musicians’ careers. American Journal of Sociology, 96, 144-85.
2.
Abbott, A., & Tsay, A. ( 2000). Sequence analysis and optimal matching methods in sociology: Review and prospect. Sociological Methods and Research, 29, 3-33.
3.
Aldrich, H. ( 1979). Organizations and environments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
4.
Aldrich, H. ( 2007). Organizations and environments (Reprint ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
5.
Aldrich, H., & Pfeffer, J. ( 1976). Environments of organizations. Annual Review of Sociology, 2, 79-105.
Allison, P.D. ( 1984). Event history analysis : Regression for longitudinal event data. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE.
8.
Amburgey, T.L., Kelly, D., & Barnett, W.P. ( 1993). Resetting the clock: The dynamics of organizational change and failure. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38(1), 51-73.
9.
Amburgey, T., & Rao, H. ( 1996). Organizational ecology: Past, present, and future directions . Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1265-1286.
10.
Anderson, P. ( 1999). Venture capital dynamics and the creation of variation through entrepreneurship. In J. A. C. Baum & B. McKelvey (Eds.), Variations in organization science: In honor of David. T. Campbell (pp. 137-153). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
11.
Ariño, A., & de la Torre, J. (1998). Learning from failure: Towards an evolutionary model of collaborative ventures. Organization Science, 9, 306-325.
12.
Astley, W.G. ( 1985). The two ecologies: Population and community perspective on organizational evolution. Administrative Science Quarterly , 30, 224-241.
13.
Astley, W.G., & Fombrun, C.J. ( 1987). Organizational communities: An ecological perspective . In S. B. Bacharach & N. DiTomaso (Eds.), Research in the sociology of organizations (Vol. 5, pp. 163-185). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
14.
Audia, P.G., Freeman, J., & Reynolds, P.D. (2006). Organizational foundings in community context: Instruments manufacturers and their interrelationship with other organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly , 51, 381-419.
15.
Barnett, G.A. ( 2001). A longitudinal analysis of the international telecommunication network, 1978-1996. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 1638-1655.
16.
Barnett, W.P., & Carroll, G.R. ( 1987). Competition and mutualism among early telephone industries . Administrative Science Quarterly, 32, 400-421.
Baron, J., Hannan, M.T., & Burton, M.D. ( 1999). Building the iron cage: Determinants of managerial intensity in the early years of organizations. American Sociological Review, 64, 527-547.
19.
Barron, D.N., West, E., & Hannan, M.T. ( 1994). A time to grow and a time to die: Growth and mortality of credit unions in New York City, 1914-1990. American Journal of Sociology, 100, 381-421.
20.
Baum, J. A. C. (Ed.). (2002). The Blackwell companion to organizations. Walden, MA: Blackwell.
21.
Baum, J.A.C., & Rao, H. ( 2004). Evolutionary dynamics of organizational populations and communities. In M. S. Poole & A. H. Van de Ven (Eds), Handbook of organizational change and innovation (pp. 212-258). New York, NY : Oxford University Press.
22.
Baum, J.A.C., & Singh, J.V. ( 1994). Organizational niches and the dynamics of organizational founding. Organization Science, 5, 483-501.
23.
Bender-deMoll, S., & McFarland, D. ( 2006). The art and science of dynamic network visualization. Journal of Social Structure, 7(2). Retrieved from http://www.cmu .edu/joss/content/articles/volume7/deMollMcFarland/
24.
Boyd, R., & Richerson, P.J. (2005). The origin and evolution of cultures. New York: Oxford University Press.
25.
Bryant, J.A., & Monge, P. ( 2008). The evolution of the children’s television community, 1953-2003. International Journal of Communication, 2, 160-192.
26.
Burgelman, R.A. ( 1991). Intraorganizational ecology of strategy making and organizational adaptation: Theory and field research. Organization Science , 2, 239-262.
27.
Burgelman, R.A. ( 1996). A process model of strategic business exit: Implications for an evolutionary perspective on strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 17, 193-214.
28.
Burgelman, R.A., & Mittman, B.S. ( 1994). An intraorganizational ecological perspective on managerial risk behavior, performance, and survival: Individual, organizational, and environmental effects. In J. A. C. Baum & J. V. Singh (Eds.), Evolutionary dynamics of organizations (pp. 53-75). New York, NY : Oxford University Press.
29.
Campbell, D.T. ( 1965). Variation and selective retention in socio-cultural revolution . In H. R. Barringer, G. I. Blanksten, & R. W. Mack (Eds.), Social change in developing area: A reinterpretation of evolutionary theory (pp. 19-48). Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.
30.
Carroll, G.R. ( 1981). Dynamics of organizational expansion in national systems of education. American Sociological Review, 46, 585-599.
31.
Carroll, G.R. ( 1985). Concentration and specialization: Dynamics of niche width in populations of organizations. American Journal of Sociology , 90, 1262-1283.
32.
Carroll, G.R., & Delacroix, J. ( 1982). Organizational mortality in the newspaper industries of Argentina and Ireland: An ecological approach. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27, 169-198.
33.
Carroll, G.R., & Hannan, M. ( 2000). The demography of corporations and industries. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
34.
Carroll, G.R., & Harrison, J.R. (1998). Organizational demography and culture: Insights from a formal model and simulation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43, 637-667.
35.
Carroll, G.R., & Swaminathan, A. (1992). The organizational ecology of strategic groups in the American beer brewing industry from 1975 to 1990 . Industrial and Corporate Change, 1, 65-97.
36.
Chang, M., & Harrington, J.E. , Jr. (2000). Centralization vs. decentralization in a multi-unit organization: A computational model of a retail chain as a multi-agent adaptive system. Management Science, 46, 1427-1440.
37.
Cohen, M.D., March, J.G., & Olsen, J.P. ( 1972). A garbage can model of organizational choice. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(1), 1-25.
38.
Colwell, R.K., & Futuyma, D.J. ( 1971). On the measurement of niche breadth and overlap. Ecology, 52, 567-576.
39.
Contractor, N.S. ( 1994). Self-organizing systems perspective in the study of organizational communication. In B. Kovacic (Ed.), New approaches to organizational communication (pp. 39-66). Albany : State University of New York Press.
40.
Contractor, N.S., & Grant, S. ( 1996). The emergence of shared interpretations in organizations: A self-organizing systems perspective. In J. Watt & A. VanLear (Eds.), Cycles and dynamic processes in communication processes (pp. 216-230). Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.
41.
Corman, S.R. ( 1996). Cellular automata as models of unintended consequences of organizational communication. In J. Watt & A. Van Lear (Eds.), Cycles and dynamic patterns in communication (pp. 191-212). Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.
42.
Danowski, J.A., & Edison-Swift, P. (1985). Crisis effects on intraorganizational computer-based communication. Communication Research, 12, 251-270.
43.
Delacroix, J., & Carroll, C. ( 1983). Organizational foundings: An ecological study of the newspaper industries of Argentina and Ireland. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28, 274-291.
44.
DiMaggio, P.J., & Powell, W.W. ( 1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48, 147-160.
45.
Dimmick, J. ( 2003). Media competition and coexistence: The theory of the niche. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum .
46.
Dimmick, J., Chen, Y., & Li, Z. ( 2004). Competition between the internet and traditional news media: The gratification-opportunities niche dimension. Journal of Media Economics, 17(1), 19-33.
47.
Dimmick, J., & Rothenbuhler, E. (1984). The theory of the niche: Quantifying competition among media industries. Journal of Communication, 34, 103-119.
48.
Dobrev, S.D., & Carroll, G.R. ( 2003). Size (and competition) among organizations: Modeling scale-based selection among automobile producers in four major countries, 1885-1981. Strategic Management Journal, 24, 541-558.
49.
Dooley, K. ( 2002). Simulation research methods. In Baum, J. A. C (Ed.), The Blackwell companion to organizations (pp. 829-848). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
50.
Doz, Y.L. ( 1996). The evolution of cooperation in strategic alliances: Initial conditions or learning processes? Strategic Management Journal, 17(S1), 55-83.
51.
Feldman, M., & Schreuder, Y. ( 1996). Initial advantage: The origins of the geographic concentration of the pharmaceutical industry in the mid-Atlantic region. Industrial and Corporate Change, 5, 839-862.
52.
Freeman, J., & Hannan, M. ( 1983). Niche width and the dynamics of organizational populations . American Journal of Sociology, 88, 1116-1145.
53.
Freeman, J., & Lomi, A. ( 1994). Resource partitioning and foundings of bank cooperatives in Italy. In J. A. C. Baum & J. V. Singh (Eds.), Evolutionary dynamics of organizations (pp. 269-293). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
54.
Frenken, K., & Nuvolari, A. ( 2004). The early development of the steam engine: An evolutionary interpretation using complexity theory. Industrial and Corporate Change, 13, 419-450.
55.
Fulk, J. ( 1993). Social construction of communication technology. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 921-950.
56.
Fulk, J., Schmitz, J., & Steinfield, C.W. (1990). A social influence model of technology use. In J. Fulk & C. W. Steinfield (Eds.), Organizations and communication technology (pp. 117-140). Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.
57.
Glance, N.S., Hogg, T., & Huberman, B.A. (1997). Training and turnover in the evolution of organizations. Organization Science, 8(1), 84-96.
58.
Gulati, R. ( 1999). Network location and learning: The influence of network resources and firm capabilities on alliance formation. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 397-420.
59.
Hannan, M.T., Carroll, G.R., Dundon, E.A., & Torres, J.C. ( 1995). Organizational evolution in a multinational context: Entries of automobile manufacturers in Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, and Italy. American Sociological Review, 60, 509-528.
60.
Hannan, M.T., & Freeman, J. ( 1977). The population ecology of organizations. American Journal of Sociology, 82, 929-964.
61.
Hannan, M.T., & Freeman, J. ( 1984). Structural inertia and organizational change. American Sociological Review, 49, 149-164.
62.
Hannan, M.T., & Freeman, J. ( 1989). Organizational ecology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
63.
Hawley, A.H. ( 1986). Human ecology: A theoretical essay. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Huberman, B.A., & Glance, N.S. ( 1993). Evolutionary games and computer simulations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America , 90, 7716-7718.
66.
Hyatt, A., Contractor, N.S., & Jones, P. ( 1997). Computational organizational network modeling: Strategies and an example. Computational & Mathematical Organization Theory, 2, 285-300.
67.
Johnson, V. ( 2007). What is organizational imprinting? Cultural entrepreneurship in the founding of the paris opera. American Journal of Sociology , 113(1), 97-127.
68.
Johnson, D.R., & Hoopes, D.G. ( 2003). Managerial cognition, sunk costs, and the evolution of industry structure. Strategic Management Journal, 24, 1057-1068.
69.
Kauffman, S.A. ( 1993). The origins of order: Self-organization and selection in evolution. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
70.
Kauffman, S.A. ( 1995). At home in the universe: The search for the laws of self-organization and complexity. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
71.
Kauffman, S.A., & Johnsen, S. ( 1991). Coevolution to the edge of chaos: Coupled fitness landscapes, poised states, and coevolutionary avalanches. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 149, 467-505.
72.
Kim, T.-Y., Oh, H., & Swaminathan, A. (2006). Framing interorganizational network change: A network inertia perspective. Academy of Management Review, 31, 704-720.
73.
Kitts, J. ( 2009). Paradise Lost: An age-dependent mortality of American communes, 1609-1965. Social Forces, 87, 1193-1222.
74.
Lee, S., & Monge, P. (in press). The coevolution of multiplex communication networks in organizational communities. Journal of Communication.
75.
Lenski, G. ( 2005). Ecological-evolutionary theory: Principles and applications . London, UK: Paradigm.
76.
Leonardi, P.M. ( 2009). Why do people reject new technologies and stymie organizational changes of which they are in favor? Exploring misalignments between social interactions and materiality. Human Communication Research , 35, 407-441.
Levinthal, D.A., & March, J. ( 1981). A model of adaptive organizational search. Journal of Economic Behavior, 2. 307-333.
79.
Levinthal, D.A., & Warglien, M. ( 1999). Landscape design: Designing for local action in complex world. Organization Science, 10, 342-357.
80.
Lomi, A., & Larsen, E.R. ( 1999). Evolutionary models of local interaction: A computational perspective. In J. A. C. Baum & B. McKelvey (Eds.), Variations in organization science (pp. 237-253). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
81.
Louca, F., & Mendonca, S. ( 2002). Steady change: The 200 largest US manufacturing firms throughout the 20th century. Industrial and Corporate Change , 11, 817-845.
82.
Macy, M.W., & Willer, R. ( 2002). From factors to actors: Computational sociology and agent-based modeling. Annual Review of Sociology, 28, 143-166.
83.
Madhavan, R., Koka, B.R., & Prescott, J.E. (1998). Networks in transition: How industry events (re)shape interfirm relationships. Strategic Management Journal, 19, 439-459.
84.
March, J.G. ( 1991). Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning . Organization Science, 2(1), 71-87.
85.
Marquis, C. ( 2003). The pressure of the past: Network imprinting in intercorporate communities. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48, 655-689.
86.
Masuch, M., & LaPotin, P. ( 1989). Beyond garbage cans: An AI model of organizational choice . Administrative Science Quarterly, 34(1), 38-67.
87.
McDonald, D.G., & Dimmick, J. ( 2003). The conceptualization and measurement of diversity. Communication Research, 30(1), 60-79.
88.
McKelvey, B. ( 1982). Organizational systematics. Berkley : University of California Press.
89.
McKelvey, B. ( 1999). Avoiding complexity catastrophe in coevolutionary pockets: Strategies for rugged landscapes. Organization Science, 10, 294-321.
90.
McKelvey, M. ( 1997). Coevolution in commercial genetic engineering. Industrial and Corporate Change, 6, 503-532.
91.
McKendrick, D.G., & Carroll, G.R. ( 2001). On the genesis of organizational forms: Evidence from the market for disk arrays. Organization Science, 12, 661-682.
92.
McPherson, M. ( 1983). An ecology of affiliation. American Sociological Review, 48, 519-532.
93.
Mezias, S.J., & Lant, T.K. ( 1994). Mimetic learning and the evolution of organizational populations. In J. A. C. Baum & J. V. Singh (Eds.), Evolutionary dynamics of organizations (pp. 255-277). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
94.
Miner, A.S. ( 1991). Organizational evolution and the social ecology of jobs . American Sociological Review, 56, 772-785.
95.
Miner, A.S., & Raghavan, S.V. (1999). Interorganizational imitation: A hidden engine of selection. In J. A. C. Baum & B. McKelvey (Eds.), Variations in organizations: In honor of Donald T. Campbell (pp. 35-62). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
96.
Monge, P.R. ( 1990). Theoretical and analytical issues in studying organizational processes. Organization Science, 1, 406-430.
97.
Monge, P.R., & Contractor, N. (2003). Theories of communication networks. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
98.
Monge, P.R., Heiss, B.R., & Margolin, D. ( 2008). Communication network evolution in organizational communities . Communication Theory, 18, 449-477.
99.
Monge, P.R., & Kalman, M. ( 1996). Sequentiality, simultaneity, and synchronicity in human communication. In J. Watt & A. Van Lear (Eds.), Cycles and dynamic patterns in communication processes (pp. 71-92). New York, NY : Ablex.
100.
Monge, P., Lee, S., Fulk, J., Frank, L.B., Margolin, D., Schultz, C., Shen, C., & Weber, M. ( 2011). Evolutionary and ecological models for organizational communication. In V. Miller, M. S. Poole, D. R. Seibold & Associates (Eds.), Advancing research in organizational communication through qualitative methodology, Management Communication Quarterly, 25, 26-34.
101.
Monge, P.R., & Poole, M.S. ( 2008). The evolution of organizational communication. Journal of Communication, 58, 679-692.
102.
Moody, J., McFarland, D., & Bender-deMoll, S. (2005). Dynamic network visualization . American Journal of Sociology, 110, 1206-1241.
103.
Nelson, R. ( 1996). The evolution of comparative or competitive advantage: A preliminary report on a study. Industrial and Corporate Change, 5, 597-617.
104.
Nowak, M.A., & May, R.M. ( 1992). Evolutionary games and spatial chaos. Nature, 359, 826-828.
105.
Palmer, D.A., & Biggart, N.W. ( 2002). Organizational institutions. In J. A. C. Baum (Ed.), The Blackwell companion to organizations (pp. 259-280). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
106.
Pelz, D.C. ( 1985). Innovation complexity and the sequence of innovating stages. Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization, 6, 261-291.
107.
Pentland, B.T. ( 2003a). Conceptualizing and measuring variety in the execution of organizational work processes. Management Science, 49, 857-870.
108.
Pentland, B.T. ( 2003b). Sequential variety in work processes. Organization Science, 14, 528-540.
109.
Phillips, D. ( 2005). Organizational genealogies and the persistence of gender inequality: The case of silicon valley law firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50, 440-472.
110.
Podolny, J.M., Stuart, T.E., & Hannan, M. ( 1996). Networks, knowledge, and niches: Competition in the worldwide semiconductor industry, 1984-1991. American Journal of Sociology , 102, 659-689.
111.
Poole, M.S., Hollingshead, A.B., McGrath, J.E., Moreland, R.L., & Rohrbaugh, J. ( 2004). Interdisciplinary perspectives on small groups. Small Group Research, 35(3), 3-16.
112.
Poole, M.S., & Roth, J. ( 1989a). Decision development in small groups IV: A Typology of Group Decision Paths. Human Communication Research, 15, 323-356.
113.
Poole, M.S., & Roth, J. ( 1989b). Decision development in small groups V: Test of a Contingency Model. Human Communication Research, 15, 549-589.
114.
Poole, M.S., Van de Ven, A.H., Dooley, K., & Holmes, M.E. ( 2000). Organizational change and innovation processes: Theory and methods for research. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
115.
Powell, W.W., White, D.R., Koput, K.W., & Owen-Smith, J. (2005). Network dynamics and field evolution: The growth of interorganizational collaboration in the life sciences . American Journal of Sociology, 110, 1132-1205.
116.
Raff, D.M.G. ( 2000). Superstores and the evolution of firm capabilities inAmerican bookselling. Strategic Management Journal, 21, 1043-1060.
117.
Rao, H. ( 2002). Interorganizational ecology. In J. A. C. Baum (Ed.), Companion to organizations (pp. 541-556). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
118.
Rao, H., & Singh, J.V. ( 1999). Types of variation in organizational populations: The speciation of new organizational forms. In J. A. C. Baum & B. McKelvey (Eds.), Variations in organizations: In honor of Donald T. Campbell (pp. 63-77). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
119.
Rice, R.E. ( 1993). Using network concepts to clarify sources and mechanisms of social influence. In W. Richards, Jr. & G. Barnett (Eds.), Progress in communication sciences: Advances in communication network analysis (pp. 43-52). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
120.
Richerson, P.J., & Boyd, R. ( 2005). Not by genes alone: How culture transforms human evolution . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
121.
Robins, G., Snijders, T.A.B., Wang, P., Handcock, M., & Pattison, P. ( 2007). Recent developments in exponential random graph (p*) models for social networks. Social Networks, 29, 192-215.
122.
Romanelli, E. ( 1989). Environments and strategies of organization start-up: Effects on early survival. Administrative Science Quarterly , 34, 369-387.
123.
Ruef, M. ( 1997). Assessing organizational fitness on a dynamic landscape: An empirical test of the relative inertia thesis. Strategic Management Journal, 18, 837-853.
124.
Schulz, M. ( 1998). Limits to bureaucratic growth: The density dependence of organizational rule births. Administrative Science Quarterly , 43, 845-876.
125.
Seibold, D.R., & Meyers, R.A. ( 2007). Group argument: A structuration perspective and research program. Small Group Research, 38, 312-339.
126.
Shostak, S., Conrad, P., & Horwitz, A.V. ( 2008). Sequencing and its consequences: Path dependence and the relationships between genetics and medicalization. American Journal of Sociology, 114, S287-S316.
127.
Shumate, M. ( 2011). Advances in social network analysis. In V. Miller, M. S. Poole , D. R. Seibold and Associates, Advancing research in organizational communication through qualitative methodology , Management Communication Quarterly, 25, 35-40.
128.
Shumate, M., Fulk, J., & Monge, P. ( 2005). Predictors of the HIV/AIDS INGO network over time. Human Communication Research, 31, 482-510.
129.
Snijders, T.A.B. ( 2005). Models for longitudinal network data. In P. J. Carrington, J. Scott & S. Wasserman (Eds.), Models and methods in social network analysis (pp. 215-247). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
130.
Snijders, T.A.B., Steglich, C.E.G., Schweinberg, M., & Huisman, M. ( 2007). SIENA version 3.1. Retrieved from http://stat.gamma.rug.nl/siena.html
131.
Sorenson, O. ( 2000). Letting the market work for you: An evolutionary perspective on product strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 21, 577-592.
132.
Stark, D., & Vedres, B. ( 2006). Social times of network spaces: Network sequences and foreign investment in Hungary. American Journal of Sociology , 111, 1367-1411.
133.
Stinchcombe, A.L. ( 1965). Social structure and organizations. In J. G. March (Ed.), Handbook of organizations (pp. 142-193). New York, NY: Rand McNally.
134.
Stuart, T.E., & Podolny, J. ( 1996). Local search and the evolution of technological capabilities . Strategic Management Journal, 17(S1), 21-38.
135.
Swaminathan, A. ( 1996). Environmental conditions at founding and organizational mortality: A trial-by-fire model. Academy of Management Journal , 39, 1350-1377.
136.
Swaminathan, A. ( 2001). Resource partitioning and the evolution of specialist organizations: The role of location and identity in the U.S. Wine industry. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 1169-1185.
137.
Tripsas, M. ( 2009). Technology, identity, and intertia through the lens of "The Digital Photography Company."Organization Science, 20, 441-460.
138.
Tuma, N.B., Hannan, M.T., & Groeneveld, L.P. (1979). Dynamic analysis of event histories. American Journal of Sociology, 84, 820-854.
139.
Tushman, M.L., & Anderson, P. ( 1986). Technological discontinuities and organizational environments . Administrative Science Quarterly, 31, 439-465.
140.
Usher, J.M., & Evans, M.G. ( 1996). Life and death along gasoline alley: Darwinian and Lamarckian processes in a differentiating population. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1428-1466.
141.
Van de Bunt, G.G., & Groenewegen, P. (2007). An actor-oriented dynamic network approach: The case of interorganizational network evolution. Organizational Research Methods, 10, 463-482.
142.
Van den Bosch, F.A.J., Volberda, H.W., & de Boer, M. ( 1999). Coevolution of firm absorptive capacity and knowledge environment: Organizational forms and combinative capabilities. Organization Science, 10, 551-568.
143.
Van de Ven, A.H., & Garud, R. ( 1994). The coevolution of technical and institutional events in the development of an innovation. In J. A. C. Baum & J. V. Singh (Eds.), Evolutionary dynamics of organizations (pp. 425-443). New York, NY : Oxford University Press.
144.
Van de Ven, A., & Grazman, D. ( 1999). Evolution in a nested hierarchy: A genealogy of twin cities health care organizations, 1853-1995. In J. A. C. Baum & B. McKelvey (Eds.), Variations in organization science: In honor of David. T. Campbell (pp. 279-407). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
145.
Van Duijn, M.A.J., Zeggelink, E.P.H., Huisman, M., Stokman, F.N., & Wasseur, F.W. ( 2003). Evolution of sociology freshmen into a friendship network . Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 27, 153-191.
146.
Wang, P., Robins, G., & Pattison, P. ( 2008). PNet: Program for the simulation and estimation of p* exponential random graph models: User manual. Retrieved from http://www.sna.unimelb.edu.au/pnet/pnet.html
147.
Weber, M., Fulk, J., & Monge, P. ( 2011). Emergence of social networking sites as a legitimate organizational form. Unpublished manuscript, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Southern California .
148.
Weick, K.E. ( 1979). The social psychology of organizing (2nd ed.). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley .
149.
Williams, F., & Monge, P. ( 2001). Reasoning with statistics (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth .
150.
Wright, S. ( 1931). Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics, 16, 97-159.
151.
Wu, L.L. ( 2000). Some comments on "Sequence analysis and optimal matching methods in sociology: Review and prospect." Sociological Methods and Research, 29, 41-64.
152.
Yanovitzky, I., & VanLear, A. ( 2008). Time series analysis: Traditional and contemporary approaches . In A. F. Hayes, M. D. Slater & L. B. Snyder (Eds.), The Sage sourcebook of advanced data analysis methods for communication research (pp. 89-194). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
153.
Yates, J. ( 1989). The emergence of the memo as a managerial gene. Management Communication Quarterly, 2, 485-510.
154.
Yates, J., & Orlikowski, W. (1992). Genres of organizational communication: A structurational approach to studying communication and media . Academy of Management Review, 17, 299-326.
155.
Zaheer, A., & Soda, G. ( 2009). Network evolution: The origins of structural holes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 54, 1-31.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
