Composites of a recycled polyvinyl chloride-styrene-co-acrylonitrile copolymer (rPVC-SAN) blended with a date palm fiber ratio of 30% by weight were produced. The composites were analyzed using combined thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential thermal calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to investigate their thermal and viscoelastic characteristics. Alkaline, silane, and combination alkaline-silane (ASiDF) treatments were assessed for fiber-matrix adhesion. A combination of melt-compounding techniques and hot-pressing molding was employed to create both untreated and treated composites. A thermal analyzer and a dynamic mechanical analyzer were used to test the thermal and DMA parameters of the composites, including glass transition temperature, storage modulus, loss modulus, initial thermal degradation temperature (Tonset), and maximum temperatures (Tmax1 and Tmax2). Compared to other treated composites, rPVC-SAN-ASiDF exhibited the greatest storage and loss moduli but the lowest peak damping factor. Cole-Cole analysis indicated a homogeneous distribution of fibers due to miscibility. This study demonstrated that rPVC-SAN composites reinforced with date palm fiber exhibited significant improvements in thermal and dynamic mechanical characteristics when enhanced by a combined ASiDF fiber treatment. The SAN concentration at the fiber-matrix interface increased during the extrusion process due to chemical interactions between the alkoxyl groups on 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and the nitrile groups on SAN, in addition to cross-linking between rPVC and SAN. The modified fibers positively influenced the DMA and thermal properties of the thermoplastic blend composites. Overall, the results indicated that composites suitable for automotive components exhibited enhanced thermal and dynamic performance when reinforced with a thermoplastic blend that included treated date palm fibers.
KuHWangHPattarachaiyakoopN, et al.A review on the tensile properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. Composites Part B2011; 42: 856–873.
2.
MahalingamJ. Mechanical, thermal, and water absorption properties of hybrid short coconut tree primary flower leaf stalk fiber/glass fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester composites for biomedical applications. Biomass Convers Biorefinery2022; 14: 7543–7554.
3.
AsimMJawaidMFouadH, et al.Effect of surface modified date palm fibre loading on mechanical, thermal properties of date palm reinforced phenolic composites. Compos Struct2021; 267: 113913.
4.
KomalUKLilaMKSinghI. PLA/banana fiber based sustainable biocomposites: a manufacturing perspective. Composites Part B2020; 180: 107535.
5.
LiuYZhouCLiF, et al.Stocks and flows of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in China: 1980-2050. Resour Conserv Recycl2020; 154: 104584.
6.
YeLQiCHongJ, et al.Life cycle assessment of polyvinyl chloride production and its recyclability in China. J Clean Prod2017; 142: 2965–2972.
7.
Czarnecka-KomorowskaDNowak-GrzebytaJGawdzińskaK, et al.Polyethylene/Polyamide blends made of waste with compatibilizer: processing, morphology, rheological and thermo-mechanical behavior. Polymers2021; 13: 2385.
8.
MaouSMeftahYTayefiM, et al.Preparation and performance of an immiscible PVC-HDPE blend compatibilized with maleic anhydride (MAH) via in-situ reactive extrusion. J Polym Res2022; 29: 161.
9.
KhakberdievEOugliBQNugliTDA, et al.Mechanical and morphological properties of poly(vinyl chloride) and linear low-density polyethylene polymer blends. J Vinyl Addit Technol2022; 28: 659–666.
10.
KhakberdievEMaouSIbragimovJ, et al.Unveiling the morphological features of PVC/PE polymer blends: insights into improved performance. Egypt J Chem2023; 67: 87–92.
11.
LizymolPPThomasS. Thermal behaviour of polymer blends: a comparison of the thermal properties of miscible and immiscible systems. Polym Degrad Stabil1993; 41: 59–64.
12.
LizymolPPThomasS. Miscibility studies of polymer blends by viscometry methods. J Appl Polym Sci1994; 51: 635–641.
13.
DeviRRMajiTK. Chemical modification of simul wood with styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer and organically modified nanoclay. Wood Sci Technol2012; 46: 299–315.
14.
TianMYouJQiuJ, et al.Unexpected super anti-compressive styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer/polyurea nanocomposite foam with excellent solvent resistance, re-processability and shape memory performance. Composites Part B2023; 264: 110908.
15.
LiaoYJWuXLPengX, et al.Enhancing the mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene composite by encapsulating styrene acrylonitrile with ammonium polyphosphate. BMC Chem2019; 13: 9–12.
LiuWKimHCPakPK, et al.Effect of acrylonitrile content on the glass transition temperature and melt index of PVC/SAN blends. Fibers Polym2006; 7: 36–41.
18.
GarciaDBalartRParresF, et al.Compatibility study of recycled poly(vinyl chloride)/styrene-acrylonitrile blends. J Appl Polym Sci2007; 106: 20–27.
19.
GheithMHAzizMAGhoriW, et al.Flexural, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of date palm fibres reinforced epoxy composites. J Mater Res Technol2019; 8: 853–860.
20.
BelgacemCTarresQEspinachFX, et al.High-yield lignocellulosic fibers from date palm biomass as reinforcement in polypropylene composites: effect of fiber treatment on composite properties. Polymers2020; 12: 1423.
21.
Al-OqlaFMSapuanSM. Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites in industrial applications: feasibility of date palm fibers for sustainable automotive industry. J Clean Prod2014; 66: 347–354.
22.
MaouSMeghezziANebbacheN, et al.Mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/low-density polyethylene composites filled with date palm leaf fiber. J Vinyl Addit Technol2019; 25: E88–E93.
23.
AlotaibiMDAlshammariBASabaN, et al.Characterization of natural fiber obtained from different parts of date palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Int J Biol Macromol2019; 135: 69–76.
24.
AlothmanOYKianLKSabaN, et al.Cellulose nanocrystal extracted from date palm fibre: morphological, structural and thermal properties. Ind Crops Prod2021; 159: 113075.
25.
AwadSZhouYKatsouE, et al.A critical review on date palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fibres and their uses in bio-composites. Springer Netherlands, 2020.
26.
SlimaniMMeghezziAMeftahY, et al.Thermophysical behavior of date palm fiber-reinforced polyvinylchloride/low-density polyethylene/acrylonitrile butadiene rubber copolymer ternary composites. Polyolefins J2023; 10: 225–233.
27.
HabilaTMeftahYMaouS. Thermal and physical properties of hybrid composites made from used PET bottles and date palm fibers filled with unsaturated polyester. ASEAN J Chem Eng2023; 23: 94–102.
28.
MeftahYTayefiMFellouhF, et al.Influence of alkali treatment and dune sand content on the properties of date palm fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester hybrid composites. Rev des Compos des matériaux avancés2020; 30: 161–167.
29.
ReviewBAYangJChingYC, et al.Applications of lignocellulosic fibers and lignin in, 2019, pp. 1–26.
30.
ZhangWYaoXKhanalS, et al.A novel surface treatment for bamboo flour and its effect on the dimensional stability and mechanical properties of high density polyethylene/bamboo flour composites. Constr Build Mater2018; 186: 1220–1227.
31.
OvalıSSancakE. Investigation of mechanical properties of jute fiber reinforced low density polyethylene composites. J Nat Fibers2020; 19: 3109–3126.
32.
LiuYXieJWuN, et al.Characterization of natural cellulose fiber from corn stalk waste subjected to different surface treatments. Cellulose2019; 26: 4707–4719.
33.
MaouSMeghezziAGrohensY, et al.Effect of various chemical modifications of date palm fibers (DPFs) on the thermo-physical properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)–high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites. Ind Crops Prod2021; 171: 113974.
34.
MaouSMeftahYGrohensY, et al.The effects of surface modified date-palm fiber fillers upon the thermo-physical performances of high density polyethylene-polyvinyl chloride blend with maleic anhydride as a grafting agent. J Appl Polym Sci2023; 140: e53781.
35.
MaouSMeftahYMeghezziA. Synergistic effects of metal stearate, calcium carbonate, and recycled polyethylene on thermo-mechanical behavior of polyvinylchloride. Polyolefins J2023; 10: 1–11.
36.
Czarnecka-KomorowskaDKanciakWBarczewskiM, et al.Recycling of plastics from cable waste from automotive industry in Poland as an approach to the circular economy. Polymers2021; 13: 3845.
37.
AwadSHamoudaTMidaniM, et al.Date palm fibre geometry and its effect on the physical and mechanical properties of recycled polyvinyl chloride composite. Ind Crops Prod2021; 174: 114172.
38.
ChelaliLBenabouraA. Effect of Agave americana fibers used as reinforcement in the preparation of composites based on recycled PVC. Polym Compos2022; 43: 7222–7231.
39.
Hosseini KakhkSHKeyvan RadJAbediniH, et al.Thermomechanical study on toughened PVC with an impact modifier based on the acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate core-shell particles. Polymer (Guildf)2024; 290: 126545.
40.
ZhangXZhangJ. Effect of core–shell structures of acrylonitrile–styrene–acrylate (ASA) terpolymer on the properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/ASA blends: miscibility, toughness, and heat resistance. J Appl Polym Sci2018; 135: 46839.
41.
LassouedMMnasriTHidouriA, et al.Thermomechanical behavior of Tunisian palm fibers before and after alkalization. Constr Build Mater2018; 170: 121–128.
42.
OushabiAOudrhiri HassaniFAbboudY, et al.Improvement of the interface bonding between date palm fibers and polymeric matrices using alkali-silane treatments. Int J Ind Chem2018; 9: 335–343.
43.
OderaRSOnukwuliODAigbodionVS. Effect of alkali-silane chemical treatment on the tensile properties of raffia palm fibre. Aust J Multi-Disciplinary Eng2019; 15: 91–99.
44.
LiXWangXYangL, et al.Synergistic effect of polyfunctional silane coupling agent and styrene acrylonitrile copolymer on the water-resistant and mechanical performances of glass fiber–reinforced polyamide 6. Polym Adv Technol2019; 30: 1951–1958.
45.
MaouSMeftahYBouchamiaI, et al.Alkali-treated date palm fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester composites: thermo-mechanical performances and structural applications. Iran Polym J (Engl Ed)2023; 32: 1581–1593.
46.
ChafidzARizalMFaisalRM, et al.Processing and properties of high density polyethylene/date palm fiber composites prepared by a laboratory mixing extruder. J Mech Eng Sci2018; 12: 3771–3785.
47.
Jordá-VilaplanaACarbonell-VerdúASamperMD, et al.Development and characterization of a new natural fiber reinforced thermoplastic (NFRP) with Cortaderia selloana (Pampa grass) short fibers. Compos Sci Technol2017; 145: 1–9.
48.
AtiqahAJawaidMSapuanSM, et al.Dynamic mechanical properties of sugar palm/glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane hybrid composites. Polym Compos2019; 40: 1329–1334.
49.
JadhavACJadhavNC. Mechanical and thermal properties of waste Abelmoschus manihot fibre-reinforced epoxy composites. Polym Bull2023; 80: 1699–1727.
50.
Mohana KrishnuduDSreeramuluDVenkateshwar ReddyP. A study of filler content influence on dynamic mechanical and thermal characteristics of coir and Luffa cylindrica reinforced hybrid composites. Constr Build Mater2020; 251: 119040.
SalemTFTirkesSAkarAO, et al.Enhancement of mechanical, thermal and water uptake performance of TPU/jute fiber green composites via chemical treatments on fiber surface. E-Polymers2020; 20: 133–143.
53.
IsmailASJawaidMHamidNH, et al.Dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of flax/bio-phenolic/epoxy reinforced hybrid composites. J King Saud Univ Sci2023; 35: 102790.
54.
CheeSSJawaidMSultanMTH, et al.Thermomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of bamboo/woven kenaf mat reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Composites Part B2019; 163: 165–174.
55.
AsimMJawaidMNasirM, et al.Effect of fiber loadings and treatment on dynamic mechanical, thermal and flammability properties of pineapple leaf fiber and kenaf phenolic composites. J Renew Mater2018; 6: 383–393.
