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Abstract

Inorganic particles dispersed in the polymer matrix can enhance the strength of polymers. In this paper, 3-Glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH560) and 2-Amino-1,3-propanediol were used to surface modify Zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂) to prepare modified Zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂), denoted as ZrO₂-g. The modified ZrO₂-g was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic hydrogen (¹HNMR) spectroscopy, and the results showed that the modification was successful. Then the PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites were synthesized by grafting ZrO₂-g into poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) molecular chain segments using in situ copolymerization. The results showed that ZrO₂-g acted as a nucleating agent and improved the crystallinity of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). The rheological behavior analysis showed that the composite viscosity, storage modulus and loss modulus of PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites were improved compared to PBAT. The ZrO₂-g content had a significant effect on the tensile properties of the composites, and the composites had the highest tensile strength and elongation at break when the ZrO₂-g content was 1% wt, reaching 23.27 MPa and 888.89%, respectively, which were increased by 60% and 38%, respectively, compared with PBAT. When the content of ZrO₂-g exceeds 1.5 wt%, aggregation phenomenon occurs, which rather reduces the performance of the composites. Meanwhile, the thermal stability of the composites decreases with the increase of ZrO₂-g incorporation.

Keywords

Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)surface modification in situ copolymerization composites modified

Introduction

In recent years, the severity of “white pollution” caused by non-biodegradable plastics has been increasing. As a result, there is a growing demand for the widespread use of biodegradable plastics.^1,2 In the field of biodegradable plastics, PBAT is popular due to its excellent ductility, flexibility, biodegradability and biocompatibility. However, it does have certain limitations in its application scope due to its low mechanical thermal, and barrier properties.^3–5 In order to compensate for the limited PBAT properties and broaden its application areas, a promising strategy is to enhance the properties of PBAT by creating PBAT nanocomposites through the integration of inorganic nanoparticles into the PBAT matrix.^6–8

Dispersing inorganic nanoparticles into polymer matrix as reinforcement is an effective and relatively inexpensive method.^9–11 The homogeneous dispersion of inorganic nanoparticles in the polymer matrix and the strong interfacial interactions between them are crucial for the study of polymer nanocomposites. Due to their large specific surface area and surface hydroxyl groups, inorganic nanoparticles are poorly compatible with the matrix, easily agglomerated and difficult to be uniformly dispersed. As a result, their ability to enhance properties is limited.¹² This requires graft modification of the surface of inorganic nanoparticles to introduce functional groups compatible with the polymer matrix.^13,14 Modification of the surface of the nanoparticles^15–18 will enhance the bonding effect and also increase the adhesion between the reinforcing material and the matrix for greater load transfer.¹⁹ The addition of modified nanoparticles to the polymer matrix can greatly improve the mechanical properties. However, there seems to exist an optimal level beyond which the properties will no longer be improved or even the mechanical properties will be reduced.^20,21 Several common methods for preparing polymer nanocomposites are in situ polymerization^22–24 and melt blending.^25,26

Nano-ZrO₂ has high strength and good thermal stability. Incorporation of nano ZrO₂ into PBAT matrix will improve the mechanical properties of the composites.²⁷ Here, ZrO₂-g was prepared by modifying the surface of ZrO₂ with a 3-Glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH560) and 2-Amino-1,3-propanediol. Then, ZrO₂-g was mixed with p-Phthalic acid (PTA), Adipic acid (AA), and 1,4-Butanediol (BDO). ZrO₂-g was grafted into the chain segments of PBAT molecules using in situ copolymerization, resulting in the synthesis of PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites. The dispersion of ZrO₂-g in the PBAT matrix was improved, and the study examined the impact of varying ZrO₂-g contents on the mechanical properties of the composites.

Materials and Methods

Materials

p-Phthalic acid (PTA), Shanghai McLean Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd; Adipic acid (AA), Shanghai McLean Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd; 1,4-Butanediol (BDO), Shanghai McLean Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd; Zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂), crystal system monoclinic, particle size 50 nm, density 5.89 g/cm³, melting point 2700°C, Mons’ hardness scale 8.5, thermal conductivity 2.09 W/(m•K), Shanghai McLean Biochemistry Technology Co.; 3-Glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH560), Shanghai McLean Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd; 2-Amino-1,3-propanediol, Shanghai McLean Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd; Titanium butoxide, analytically pure, Shanghai McLean Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd; Tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate, analytically pure, Shanghai McLean Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd; Triphenyl phosphate, analytically pure, Shanghai McLean Biochemical Technology Co.

Preparation of Modified ZrO₂-G

Deionized water and ethanol were mixed according to the volume ratio of 4:1 to produce a mixed solution. The mixed solution and 3-Glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH560) were mixed according to the volume ratio 4:1, and the pH of the reaction solution was adjusted to 3.5–5.5 using acetic acid, and the hydrolysis reaction was carried out in a water bath at 50°C for 2 h. Then ZrO₂ was added, and the molar ratio of ZrO₂ and KH560 was 1:1, and the reaction was stirred at a constant temperature of 60°C for 1 h.²⁸ By filtration, drying and pulverization, a white solid, denoted as ZrO₂-KH560, was obtained. Filtering, drying, and pulverizing yielded a white solid labeled as ZrO₂- KH560. ZrO₂-KH560 was put into a three-necked flask with 2-Amino-1,3-propanediol at a molar ratio of 1:1, and an aqueous solution was prepared by adding deionized water. The reaction was carried out at 80°C in a water bath for 14 h. By filtration, drying and pulverization, a white solid, denoted as ZrO₂-g, was obtained.

Preparation of PBAT/ZrO₂-g Composites

ZrO₂-g and BDO were weighed and poured into a three-necked flask, and then ultrasonically dispersed for 30 min, so that ZrO₂-g was evenly dispersed in BDO. Then PTA was added into the flask according to the molar ratio of alcohol to acid 1.4:1, and then Titanium butoxide was added to react at 200°C under atmospheric pressure for 10 h. The reaction was considered to be finished when the water output of the esterification reaction reached 98% of the expected water output.

BDO and AA were added to a three-necked flask in accordance with the molar ratio of alcohol-acid 1.4:1, and then Titanium butoxide was added to react under atmospheric pressure at 180°C for 10 h. The reaction was considered to be finished when the water output of the esterification reaction reached 98% of the expected water output.

The two parts of the products at the end of the reaction were mixed into the same three-necked flask, adding Tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate and Triphenyl phosphate, and the temperature was raised to 255°C. Then, a vacuum was drawn and the pressure was maintained at <50 Pa for 2 h for the polycondensation reaction. The grafting reaction of PBAT with ZrO₂-g produces ZrO₂-g-PBAT. when the viscosity of the reactants in the flask was no longer increased, it was regarded as the end of the reaction to obtain PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Flow chart for the preparation of PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites.

Testing and characterization

The structures of the synthesized substances were tested using 500 MHZv solid-liquid nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrument manufactured by Bruker, Switzerland, with deuterated chloroform as the solvent and tetramethylsilane as the internal standard. The structures of ZrO₂, ZrO₂-g and ZrO₂-g-PBAT were analyzed by FTIR. Thermal loss of weight (TG) analysis was performed on the composites by heating from room temperature to 800°C in N₂ atmosphere at a heating rate of 10°C/min. The thermal properties of the composites were characterized using a DSC (TA Instruments Q-200). N₂ atmosphere was used to increase the temperature from 40°C to 200°C with a constant temperature of 2 min; the temperature was decreased to −60°C with a cooling rate of 10°C/min, and the temperature was kept constant for 2 min, and then increased the temperature to 200°C at a rate of 10°C/min. Observe the crystallization curve and melting curve of the test sample. The crystallinity (X_c) was calculated by the following formula:

X_{c} = \frac{∆ H_{m}}{(1 - W_{f}) ∆ H_{0}} \times 100 %

(1)

In equation (1): ∆H_m denotes the enthalpy of melting, W_f is the weight ratio of ZrO₂, and ∆H₀ represents 100% enthalpy of melting of PBAT (114

J * g^{- 1}

). Rheological property test (DMA), the test temperature was 140°C, strain 0.5%, frequency range 0.1∼100 Hz. Tensile property test, according to GB/T 1040.3-2006, the tensile rate was 50 mm/min. SEM analysis, the samples were quenched with liquid nitrogen and the sections were sprayed with gold to observe the micro-morphology of the composites and ZrO₂. The micro-morphology of the sections and the dispersion of ZrO₂ in the matrix were observed by SEM.

Results and discussion

Analysis of synthetic substances

ZrO₂ and ZrO₂-KH560 were characterized by FTIR as shown in Figure 2(a). At 2931 cm-¹ and 1463 cm⁻¹ from -CH₂, and 1194 cm⁻¹ and 1040 cm⁻¹ from C-O-C specific to KH560. -NH generated by the reaction of KH560 with 2-Amino-1,3-propanediol led to the enhancement of 3411 cm⁻¹ and 1584 cm⁻¹, which proved both the success of the modification of ZrO₂ by KH560 and 2-Amino-1,3-propanediol. The purified insoluble ZrO₂-g-PBAT was characterized by FTIR. As shown in Figure 2(b), comparing the FTIR spectra of the modified ZrO₂-g, it can be seen that the insoluble ZrO₂-g-PBAT does not have the -OH group in the as-modified ZrO₂-g (3430 cm⁻¹), and at the same time, there is the appearance of a C = O stretching vibrational peak at 1713 cm⁻¹. In addition, a benzene ring absorption peak at 731 cm⁻¹ can be seen, which proves that ZrO₂-g was successfully grafted to the PBAT chain segment.

Figure 2.

(a) FTIR spectra of ZrO₂ and ZrO₂-g. (b) FTIR spectra of ZrO₂-g and ZrO₂-g-PBAT.

The insoluble substance was extracted by filtering the chloroform solution of the composites material. The insoluble substance should be ZrO₂-g-PBAT. 1HNMR was used to determine the polymer chain structure of the soluble substance. The spectra and chemical shift peaks of each group were shown in Figure 3. -CH in BT unit was 8.10 ppm, -CH₂ was 4.44, 4.36 and 1.98 ppm, respectively. The chemical shifts of -CH₂ near the carbon group in butanediol adipate BA unit were 2.33 and 1.66 ppm, and -CH near the ether were 4.15, 4.09 and 1.84 ppm.^29,30

Figure 3.

Nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy.

Thermal stability analysis of PBAT/ZrO₂-G composites

The effect of ZrO₂-g on the thermal stability of PBAT was shown in Figure 4. The initial decomposition temperature (T₁₀), peak decomposition temperature (T_p), and carbon yield at 800°C are listed in Table 1. In Figure 4, it could be seen that the values of T₁₀ and T_p for the PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites remain essentially unchanged compared to PBAT alone. This suggested that the addition of ZrO₂-g had minimal impact on the thermal stability of the composites. With the increase in ZrO₂-g content, the carbon yield of PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites gradually increased at 800°C. This increase could be attributed to the addition of ZrO₂-g.

Figure 4.

Heat loss analysis curves of PBAT composites with different contents of ZrO₂-g. (a) TGA. (b) DTG.

Table 1.

Thermal stability of PBAT and its composites.

Samples	T₁₀ (°C)	T_p (°C)	Char yield at 800°C (wt%)
PBAT	300.2	410.4	0.87
PBAT/0.5 wt% ZrO₂-g	305.3	410.6	1.47
PBAT/1.0 wt% ZrO₂-g	309.3	413.1	1.63
PBAT/1.5 wt% ZrO₂-g	298.5	410.2	2.99
PBAT/2.0 wt% ZrO₂-g	295.1	410.1	9.96

DSC analysis of PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites

Based on the comparison of Figure 5 and Table 2, the trends of crystallization temperature (T_c), enthalpy of crystallization (ΔH_c), melting temperature (T_p), enthalpy of melting (ΔH_m), and degree of crystallinity (X_c) could be known. The ΔH_m and ΔH_c values of PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites did not change significantly compared to PBAT. However, the T_c values were decreased. This was attributed to the nanoeffect of ZrO₂-g nanoparticles, which acted as nucleating agents, thus increasing the crystallization rate and lowering the T_c,³¹ and the X_c of the composites increased. The decrease in T_p with increasing ZrO₂-g content was attributed to the fact that ZrO₂-g acts as a thermally conductive material and could be used for heat transfer. The increase in ZrO₂-g content made it easier for the PBAT polymer chains to absorb heat, which reduced the energy required for melting, and thus reduced the T_p.³²

Figure 5.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermal spectra of PBAT composites with different contents of ZrO₂-g. (a) Crystallization curve. (b) Melting curve.

Table 2.

Thermal properties of PBAT and its composites.

Samples	T_c (°C)	∆H_c (J/g)	T_p (°C)	∆H_m (J/g)	X_c (%)
PBAT	90.74	12.83	132.30	8.07	5.60
PBAT/0.5 wt% ZrO₂-g	78.62	11.68	127.74	8.58	5.99
PBAT/1.0 wt% ZrO₂-g	83.00	11.60	128.56	7.47	5.24
PBAT/1.5 wt% ZrO₂-g	71.24	11.35	122.15	8.17	5.76
PBAT/2.0 wt% ZrO₂-g	73.26	11.28	123.24	8.07	5.72

Rheological behavior analysis of PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites

Figure 6 showed the results of dynamic rheological measurements of the complex viscosity (η*), storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) of PBAT and PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites at 140°C as a function of frequency. From Figure 6(a), there was an increase in the complex viscosity of the composites as compared to PBAT. This is due to the incorporation of ZrO₂-g due to the presence of inter-particle and inter-particle-polymer interactions, which hinders the chain segment movement, reduces the rate of molecular chain unraveling, and increases the relaxation time and hence the Newtonian plateau.³³ As shown in Figure 6(b), there was an increase in the energy storage modulus of the composites as compared to PBAT. With the increase of ZrO₂-g content in the composites, there were interactions between ZrO₂-g to form a permeable network structure, which inhibited the chain segment relaxation and increased the energy storage modulus.^34–36 The results of Figure 6(c) showed an increase in loss modulus with the addition of ZrO₂-g to the PBAT matrix, indicating an increase in viscous deformation, which acted as a tackifier.

Figure 6.

Dynamic rheological properties of PBAT composites with different contents of ZrO₂-g. (a) Complex viscosity. (b) Storage modulus. (c) Loss modulus vs. frequency.

Mechanical properties of PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites

According to Figure 7, Figure 8 and Table 3, the tensile strength of PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites increased with the increase of ZrO₂-g content and the tensile modulus decreased with the increase of ZrO₂-g content. This was because ZrO₂-g particles, acting as rigid fillers, play a reinforcing role.³⁷ The tensile strength of PBAT composites reached a maximum value of 23.27 MPa when the ZrO₂-g content was 1 wt%. However, with the increase of ZrO₂-g content, the tensile strength began to decline, which was caused by the agglomeration of ZrO₂-g, which was also verified by SEM. As shown in Figure 9(d), there was obvious aggregation of ZrO₂-g particles, and the decrease in tensile strength was also significant. In addition, the elongation at break of PBAT composites increased slightly with the addition of ZrO₂-g, but the elongation at break of PBAT decreased significantly with the further increase of nano-filler content. This was because of the concentration of stress caused by the accumulation of ZrO₂-g, which reduced ductility.

Figure 7.

Tensile strength and elongation at break of PBAT composites with different contents of ZrO₂-g.

Figure 8.

Stress-strain curves of PBAT composites with different ZrO₂-g contents for tensile testing.

Table 3.

Tensile test data sheet for PBAT and PBAT composites with different ZrO₂-g contents.

Samples	Young’s modulus (MPa)	Tensile strength (MPa)	Elongation at break (%)
PBAT	30.1 ± 0.3	14.5 ± 0.2	644.5 ± 22
PBAT/0.5 wt% ZrO₂-g	28.5 ± 0.2	22.6 ± 0.4	684.9 ± 16
PBAT/1.0 wt% ZrO₂-g	23.2 ± 0.3	23.3 ± 0.4	888.9 ± 32
PBAT/1.5 wt% ZrO₂-g	24.2 ± 0.1	20.9 ± 0.4	637.3 ± 27
PBAT/2.0 wt% ZrO₂-g	23.2 ± 0.2	16.2 ± 0.1	620.7 ± 23

Figure 9.

SEM surface topography of PBAT composites with different contents of ZrO_2. (a) ZrO₂ content 0.5 wt%. (b) ZrO₂ content 1 wt%. (c) ZrO₂ content 1.5 wt%. (d) ZrO₂ content 2 wt%.

Surface phase analysis of PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites

The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites were presented in Figure 9. As the ZrO₂-g content increased, the fracture surface of PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites becames rougher (Figure 9(b)–(c)). This suggested that the inclusion of rigid ZrO₂-g nanoparticles contributed to the redistribution of load-bearing stress,³⁸ thereby enhancing the mechanical properties of the composites. This was consistent with the results of the previous test on mechanical properties. When the content of ZrO₂-g increased to 1.5 wt%, the agglomeration of ZrO₂-g appeared, which led to the degradation of the properties of PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites.

Conclusion

In this paper, ZrO₂ was surface modified using 3-Glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH560) and 2-Amino-1,3-propanediol, denoted as ZrO₂-g. Subsequently, PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites with varying contents were prepared through in situ polymerization. The thermal stability analysis of PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites shows that the addition of ZrO₂-g has little effect on the thermal stability of the material. Dynamic rheological measurements of the composite viscosity, storage modulus and loss modulus of PBAT and PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites as a function of frequency showed an increase in the composite viscosity compared to PBAT. This is due to the fact that the incorporation of ZrO₂-g causes inter-particle and particle-polymer interactions that hinder the movement of the chain segments, decrease the unlinking rate of the molecular chains, and increase the relaxation time, resulting in a Newtonian plateau. The energy storage modulus of the composites increased as compared to PBAT. With the increase of ZrO₂-g content in the composites, the ZrO₂-g interacts with each other to form a permeable network structure, which inhibits the chain segment relaxation and increases the energy storage modulus. With the addition of ZrO₂-g to the PBAT matrix, the loss modulus increases, indicating an increase in viscous deformation, which acts as a viscosity builder. ZrO₂-g nanoparticles have a nano effect. When they were added to PBAT, they acted as heterogeneous nucleating agents, promoting crystallization, lowering the crystallization temperature, and increasing the degree of crystallinity. ZrO₂-g is a thermally conductive material that can be used for heat transfer, and the increase in ZrO₂-g content makes it easier for the PBAT polymer chains to absorb heat, which reduces the amount of energy required for melting, and thus lowers the melting temperature. When the ZrO₂-g content was less than 1 wt%, the tensile strength and elongation at break of PBAT composites increased with the increased in ZrO₂-g content. When the ZrO₂-g content was 1 wt%, the maximum tensile strength and elongation at break reach 23.27 MPa and 888.89%, respectively. These values were 60% and 38% higher than those of PBAT, respectively. However, with the increased in ZrO₂-g content, the tensile strength began to decline. This was also supported by the SEM results, which indicated that the decrease in tensile strength was caused by the accumulation of ZrO₂-g. The results also showed that adding a small amount of ZrO₂-g to the PBAT matrix could increase its strength by 60%. This finding provided a way to enhance the strength of PBAT and broaden its range of applications.

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the Liaoning Provincial Key Technology Project for Synthesis of High Performance Biodegradable Material PBAT-X Based on Molecular Design; Liao Ke Fa (2022) No. 41.

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Preparation and properties of modified zirconium dioxide reinforced poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Materials

Preparation of Modified ZrO2-G

Preparation of PBAT/ZrO2-g Composites

Testing and characterization

Results and discussion

Analysis of synthetic substances

Thermal stability analysis of PBAT/ZrO2-G composites

DSC analysis of PBAT/ZrO2-g composites

Rheological behavior analysis of PBAT/ZrO2-g composites

Mechanical properties of PBAT/ZrO2-g composites

Surface phase analysis of PBAT/ZrO2-g composites

Conclusion

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interests

Funding

References

Preparation of Modified ZrO₂-G

Preparation of PBAT/ZrO₂-g Composites

Thermal stability analysis of PBAT/ZrO₂-G composites

DSC analysis of PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites

Rheological behavior analysis of PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites

Mechanical properties of PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites

Surface phase analysis of PBAT/ZrO₂-g composites