The synergistic effects of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) with layered double hydroxides (LDH) in ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer/LDH (EVA/LDH) composites have been studied using limiting oxygen index, UL-94 tests, and cone calorimeter test (CCT). The results from the UL-94 tests show that the Al2O3 can act as flame-retardant synergistic additive in EVA/LDH composites, and 2 phr Al2O3 can raise UL rating from V-1 to V-0 at 120 phr loadings of additives. The CCT data indicated that the addition of Al2O3 in EVA/LDH system can greatly reduce the heat release rate, mass loss rate, and the production rate of carbon monoxide.
Zheng, X.T. , Wu, D.M., Meng, Q.Y. , Wang, K.J., Liu, Y., Wan, L. and Ren, D.Y. ( 2008). Mechanical Properties of Low-density Polyethylene/Nano-magnesium Hydroxide Composites Prepared by an In Situ Bubble Stretching Method, Journal of Polymer Research, 15: 59-65.
2.
Razak, J.A. , Akil, H.M. and Ong, H. ( 2007). Effect of Inorganic Fillers on the Flammability Behavior of Polypropylene Composites, Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 20: 195-205.
3.
Jiao, C.M., Wang, Z.Z., Ye, Z.Hu, Y., and Fan, W.C. ( 2006). Flame Retardation of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Using Nano Magnesium Hydroxide and Nano Hydrotalcite, Journal of Fire Sciences, 24: 47-64.
4.
Feng, T., Li, D.Q., Evans, D.G. and Duan, X. ( 2003). On the Factors Influencing the Crystal Structure and Crystalline Size of Layered Double Hydroxides, Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 20(2): 117-120.
5.
Wang, Z.Z., Qu, B.J., Fan, W.C. and Li, Z. ( 2001). Studies on Surface Modifiers in Mg(OH)2 Flame Retarded Polyethylene, Journal of Functional Polymer, 14(1): 45-48.
6.
Zhang, M., Ding, P., Qu, B.J. and Guan, A.G. ( 2008). A New Method to Prepare Flame Retardant Polymer Composites , Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 208(1-3): 342-347.
7.
Nyambo, C., Kandare, E., Wang, D.Y. and Wilkie, C.A. ( 2008). Flame-retarded Polystyrene: Investigating Chemical Interactions Between Ammonium Polyphosphate and MgAl Layered Double Hydroxide , Polymer Degradation and Stability, 93(9):1656-1663.
8.
Zhao, C.X., Liu, Y., Wang, D.Y.Wang, D.L., and Wang, Y.Z. ( 2008). Synergistic Effect of Ammonium Polyphosphate and Layered Double Hydroxide on Flame Retardant Properties of Poly(vinyl alcohol) , Polymer Degradation and Stability, 93(7): 1323-1331.
9.
Zhang, G.B., Ding, P., Zhang, M. and Qu, B.J. ( 2007). Synergistic Effects of Layered Double Hydroxide with Hyperfine Magnesium Hydroxide in Halogen-free Flame Retardant EVA/HFMH/LDH Nanocomposites, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 92(9): 1715-1720.
10.
Ye, L., Ding, P., Zhang, M. and Qu, B.J. ( 2008). Synergistic Effects of Exfoliated LDH with some Halogen-free Flame Retardants in LDPE/EVA/HFMH/LDH Nanocomposites, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 107(6): 3694-3701.
11.
Jiao, C.M., Wang, Z.Z.Chen, X.L., Yu, B.Y., and Hu, Y. ( 2006). Irradiation Crosslinking and Halogen-free Flame Retardation of EVA using Hydrotalcite and Red Phosphorus, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 75(5): 557-563.
12.
Kong, Q.H., Hu, Y., Song, L. , Wang, Y.L., Chen, Z.Y. and Fan, W.C. ( 2006). Influence of Fe-MMT on Crosslinking and Thermal Degradation in Silicone Rubber/Glay Nanocomposites, Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 17(6): 463-467.
13.
Kong, Q.H., Hu, Y., Yang, L.Fan, W.C., and Chen, Z.Y. ( 2006). Synthesis and Properties of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)/Clay Nanocomposites Using Natural Montmorillonite and Synthetic Fe-montmorillonite by Emulsion Polymerization, Polymer Composites, 27(1): 49-54.
14.
Zhang, Y., Hu, Y., Song, L.Wu, J., and Fang, S.L. ( 2008). Influence of Fe-MMT on the Fire Retarding Behavior and Mechanical Property of (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer/ Magnesium Hydroxide) Composite, Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 19(8): 960-966.
15.
Schartel, B. , Bartholmai, M. and Knoll, U. ( 2006). Some Comments on the Main Fire Retardancy Mechanisms in Polymer Nanocomposites, Polymers for Advanced Technologies , 17(9-10): 772-777.
16.
Ye, L. and Qu, B.J. ( 2008). Flammability Characteristics and Flame Retardant Mechanism of Phosphate-intercalated Hydrotalcite in Halogen-free Flame Retardant EVA Blends, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 93(5): 918-924.
17.
Grexa, O. and Lübke, H. ( 2001). Flammability Parameters of Wood Tested on a Cone Calorimeter , Polymer Degradation and Stability, 74: 427-432.
18.
Fu, M.Z. and Qu, B.J. ( 2004). Synergistic Flame Retardant Mechanism of Fumed Silica in Ethylene-vinyl Acetate/Magnesium Hydroxide Blends, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 85: 633-639.
Zanetti, M. and Costa, L. ( 2004). Preparation and Combustion Behaviour of Polymer/ Layered Silicate Nanocomposites Based Upon PE and EVA , Polymer, 45: 4367-4373.
21.
Gregoriou, V.G. , Kandilioti , G. and Bollas, S.T. (2005). Chain Conformational Transformations in Syndiotactic Polypropylene/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites During Mechanical Elongation and Thermal Treatment , Polymer , 46: 11340-11350.
22.
Tang, Y. and Lewin, M. ( 2008). New Aspects of Migration and Flame Retardancy in Polymer Nanocomposites, Polymer Degradation and Stability , 93(11): 1986-1995.
23.
Tang, Y. and Lewin, M. ( 2007). Maleated Polypropylene OMMT Nanocomposite: Annealing, Structural Changes, Exfoliated and Migration, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 92(1): 53-60.
24.
Almeras, X. , Le Bras, M., Hornsby , P.Bourbigot, S., Marosi, Gy. , Keszei, S. and Poutch, F. (2003). Effect of Fillers on the Fire Retardancy of Intumescent Polypropylene Compounds , Polymer Degradation and Stability, 82(2): 325-331.
25.
Li, Z.Z. and Qu, B.J. (2003). Flammability Characterization and Synergistic Effects of Expandable Graphite with Magnesium Hydroxide in Halogen-free Flame-retardant EVA Blends, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 81(3): 401-408.
26.
Cross, M.S. and Cusack, P.A. (2003). Effects of Tin Additives on the Flammability and Smoke Emission Characteristics of Halogen-free Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer, Polymer Degradation and Stability , 79(2): 309-318.
27.
Nazaré, S. and Kandola, B. (2002). Use of Cone Calorimetry to Quantify the Burning Hazard of Apparel Fabrics, Fire and Materials, 26(4-5): 191-199.
