Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is recognized as one of the most common forms of neurodegenerative dementia. Neuroimaging contributes to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of DLB by examining alterations in brain metabolism, neurochemisty, and morphology in living patients. Neuroimaging can provide objective and quantifiable antemortem markers for the presence of and the progression of DLB and permits differentiation from other dementias. This article reviews current neuroimaging findings in DLB with particular attention to occipital hypometabolism, dopaminergic and cholinergic deficits, and medial temporal lobe atrophy as measured by positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:000–000).
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
1. Lewy FH., Zur pathologischen Anatomie der Paralysis agitans. Dtsch Z Nervenheilk1913; 50: 50.
2.
2. Lewy FH., Paralysis agitans: I. Pathologische anatomie. In: Lewandowsky M, ed., Handbuch der Neurologie. Berlin: Springer, 1912: 920–933.
3.
3. Kosaka K, Oyanagi S, Matsushita M, et al., Presenile dementia with Alzheimer-, Pick- and Lewy-body changes. Acta Neuropathol (Berl)1976; 36: 221–233.
4.
4. Kosaka K, Mehraein P., Dementia-parkinsonism syndrome with numerous Lewy bodies and senile plaques in cerebral cortex. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr1979; 226: 241–250.
5.
5. McKeith LG, Galasko D, Kosaka K, et al., Consensus guidelines for the clinical and pathologic diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): report of the consortium on DLB international workshop. Neurology1996; 47: 1113–1124.
6.
6. Hansen LA, Masliah E, Galasko D, et al., Plaque-only Alzheimer disease is usually the Lewy body variant, and vice versa. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol1993; 52: 648–654.
7.
7. Kuzuhara S, Mori H, Izumiyama N, et al., Lewy bodies are ubiquitinated. A light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study. Acta Neuropathol (Berl)1988; 75: 345–353.
8.
8. Lennox G, Lowe J, Morrell K, et al., Anti-ubiquitin immunocytochemistry is more sensitive than conventional techniques in the detection of diffuse Lewy body disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1989; 52: 67–71.
9.
9. Gibb WR, Luthert PJ, Janota I, et al., Cortical Lewy body dementia: clinical features and classification. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1989; 52: 185–192.
10.
10. Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Kilford L, et al., Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1992; 55: 181–184.
11.
11. Lennox G, Lowe J, Landon M, et al., Diffuse Lewy body disease: correlative neuropathology using anti-ubiquitin immunocytochemistry. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1989; 52: 1236–1247.
12.
12. Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Blankson S, et al., A clinicopathologic study of 100 cases of Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol1993; 50: 140–148.
13.
13. Kuhl DE, Metter EJ, Riege WH., Patterns of local cerebral glucose utilization determined in Parkinson's disease by the [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose method. Ann Neurol1984; 15: 419–424.
14.
14. Peppard RF, Martin WR, Carr GD, et al., Cerebral glucose metabolism in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia. Arch Neurol1992; 49: 1262–1268.
15.
15. Schapiro MB, Pietrini P, Grady CL, et al., Reductions in parietal and temporal cerebral metabolic rates for glucose are not specific for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1993; 56: 859–864.
16.
16. Vander Borght T, Minoshima S, Giordani B, et al., Cerebral metabolic differences in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases matched for dementia severity. J Nucl Med1997; 38: 797–802.
17.
17. Sawada H, Udaka F, Kameyama M, et al., SPECT findings in Parkinson's disease associated with dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1992; 55: 960–963.
18.
18. Kuhl DE, Metter EJ, Benson DF, et al., Similarities of cerebral glucose metabolism in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's dementia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab1985; 5: S169–S170.
19.
19. Spampinato U, Habert MO, Mas JL, et al., (99mTc)-HM-PAO SPECT and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a comparison with dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1991; 54: 787–792.
20.
20. Liu RS, Lin KN, Wang SJ, et al., Cognition and 99Tcm-HMPAO SPECT in Parkinson's disease. Nucl Med Commun1992; 13: 744–748.
21.
21. Eidelberg D, Moeller JR, Dhawan V, et al., The metabolic topography of parkinsonism. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab1994; 14: 783–801.
22.
22. Albin RL, Minoshima S, D'Amato CJ, et al., Fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in diffuse Lewy body disease. Neurology1996; 47: 462–466.
23.
23. Turner RS, Chervin RD, Frey KA, et al., Probable diffuse Lewy body disease presenting as REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology1997; 49: 523–527.
24.
24. Imamura T, Ishii K, Sasaki M, et al., Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease: a comparative study using positron emission tomography. Neurosci Lett1997; 235: 49–52.
25.
25. Donnemiller E, Heilmann J, Wenning GK, et al., Brain perfusion scintigraphy with 99mTc-HMPAO or 99mTc-ECD and 1231- beta-CIT single-photon emission tomography in dementia of the Alzheimer-type and diffuse Lewy body disease. Eur J Nucl Med1997; 24: 320–325.
26.
26. Lobotesis K, Fenwick JD, Phipps A, et al., Occipital hypoperfusion on SPECT in dementia with Lewy bodies but not AD. Neurology2001; 56: 643–649.
27.
27. Ishii K, Yamaji S, Kitagaki H, et al., Regional cerebral blood flow difference between dementia with Lewy bodies and AD. Neurology1999; 53: 413–416.
28.
28. Cordery RJ, Tyrrell PJ, Lantos PL, et al., Dementia with Lewy bodies studied with positron emission tomography. Arch Neurol2001; 58: 505–508.
29.
29. Varma AR, Talbot PR, Snowden JS, et al., A 99mTc-HMPAO single-photon emission computed tomography study of Lewy body disease. J Neurol1997; 244: 349–359.
30.
30. Talbot PR, Lloyd JJ, Snowden JS, et al., A clinical role for 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT in the investigation of dementia?J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1998; 64: 306–313.
31.
31. Steinling M, Defebvre L, Duhamel A, et al., Is there a typical pattern of brain SPECT imaging in Alzheimer's disease?Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord2001; 12: 371–378.
32.
32. Defebvre LJ, Leduc V, Duhamel A, et al., Technetium HMPAO SPECT study in dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's disease and idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J Nucl Med1999; 40: 956–962.
33.
33. Minoshima S, Foster NL, Sima AA, et al., Alzheimer's disease versus dementia with Lewy bodies: cerebral metabolic distinction with autopsy confirmation. Ann Neurol2001; 50: 358–365.
34.
34. Okamura N, Arai H, Higuchi M, et al., [18F]FDG-PET study in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry2001; 25: 447–456.
35.
35. Pasquier F, Lavenu I, Lebert F, et al., The use of SPECT in a multidisciplinary memory clinic. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord1997; 8: 85–91.
36.
36. Gurd JM, Herzberg L, Joachim C, et al., Dementia with Lewy bodies: a pure case. Brain Cogn2000; 44: 307–323.
37.
37. Silverman DH, Small GW, Chang CY, et al., Positron emission tomography in evaluation of dementia: regional brain metabolism and long-term outcome. JAMA2001; 286: 2120–2127.
38.
38. Hisanaga K, Suzuki H, Tanji H, et al., Fluoro-DOPA and FDG positron emission tomography in a case of pathologically verified pure diffuse Lewy body disease. J Neurol2001; 248: 905–906.
39.
39. Higuchi M, Tashiro M, Arai H, et al., Glucose hypometabolism and neuropathological correlates in brains of dementia with Lewy bodies. Exp Neurol2000; 162: 247–256.
40.
40. Rezaie P, Cairns NJ, Chadwick A, et al., Lewy bodies are located preferentially in limbic areas in diffuse Lewy body disease. Neurosci Lett1996; 212: 111–114.
41.
41. Gomez-Tortosa E, Newell K, Irizarry MC, et al., Clinical and quantitative pathologic correlates of dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology1999; 53: 1284–1291.
42.
42. Gomez-Tortosa E, Newell K, Irizarry MC, et al., Alpha-synuclein immunoreactivity in dementia with Lewy bodies: morphological staging and comparison with ubiquitin immunostaining. Acta Neuropathol (Berl)2000; 99: 352–357.
43.
43. Middelkoop HA, van der Flier WM, Burton EJ, et al., Dementia with Lewy bodies and AD are not associated with occipital lobe atrophy on MRI. Neurology2001; 57: 2117–2120.
44.
44. Mega MS, Chen SS, Thompson PM, et al., Mapping histology to metabolism: coregistration of stained whole-brain sections to premortem PET in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage1997; 5: 147–153.
45.
45. Minoshima S, Cross DJ, Foster NL, et al., Discordance between traditional pathologic and energy metabolic changes in very early Alzheimer's disease. Pathophysiological implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci1999; 893: 350–352.
46.
46. Bodis-Wollner I, Yahr MD., Measurements of visual evoked potentials in Parkinson's disease. Brain1978; 101: 661–671.
47.
47. Sudarsky L, Morris J, Romero J, et al., Dementia in Parkinson's disease: the problem of clinicopathological correlation. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci1989; 1: 159–166.
48.
48. Crystal HA, Dickson DW, Lizardi JE, et al., Antemortem diagnosis of diffuse Lewy body disease. Neurology1990; 40: 1523–1528.
49.
49. Galasko D, Katzman R, Salmon DP, et al., Clinical and neuropathological findings in Lewy body dementias. Brain Cogn1996; 31: 166–175.
50.
50. Bodis-Wollner I, Yahr MD, Mylin L, et al., Dopaminergic deficiency and delayed visual evoked potentials in humans. Ann Neurol1982; 11: 478–483.
51.
51. Nguyen-Legros J, Harnois C, Di Paolo T, et al., The retinal dopamine system in Parkinson's disease. Clin Vision Sci1993; 8: 1–12.
52.
52. Ikeda H, Head GM, Ellis CJ., Electrophysiological signs of retinal dopamine deficiency in recently diagnosed Parkinson's disease and a follow up study. Vision Res1994; 34: 2629–2638.
53.
53. Javoy-Agid F, Scatton B, Ruberg M, et al., Distribution of monoaminergic, cholinergic, and GABAergic markers in the human cerebral cortex. Neuroscience1989; 29: 251–259.
54.
54. Bohnen NI, Minoshima S, Giordani B, et al., Motor correlates of occipital glucose hypometabolism in Parkinson's disease without dementia. Neurology1999; 52: 541–546.
55.
55. Imamura T, Ishii K, Hirono N, et al., Occipital glucose metabolism in dementia with Lewy bodies with and without parkinsonism: a study using positron emission tomography. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord2001; 12: 194–197.
56.
56. Sawle GV, Wroe SJ, Lees AJ, et al., The identification of presymptomatic parkinsonism: clinical and [18F]dopa positron emission tomography studies in an Irish kindred. Ann Neurol1992; 32: 609–617.
57.
57. Ransmayr G., Dementia with Lewy bodies: prevalence, clinical spectrum and natural history. J Neural Transm 2000 Suppl 60,; 303–314.
58.
58. Hansen LA, Masliah E, Terry RD, et al., A neuropathological subset of Alzheimer's disease with concomitant Lewy body disease and spongiform change. Acta Neuropathol (Berl)1989; 78: 194–201.
59.
59. Iseki E, Li F, Kosaka K., Close relationship between spongiform change and ubiquitin-positive granular structures in diffuse Lewy body disease. J Neurol Sci1997; 146: 53–57.
60.
60. Goetz CG, Leurgans S, Pappert EJ, et al., Prospective longitudinal assessment of hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Neurology2001; 57: 2078–2082.
61.
61. Korczyn AD., Hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Lancet2001; 358: 1031–1032.
62.
62. Perry EK, Marshall E, Kerwin J, et al., Evidence of a monoaminergic-cholinergic imbalance related to visual hallucinations in Lewy body dementia. J Neurochem1990; 55: 1454–1456.
63.
63. Cheng AV, Ferrier IN, Morris CM, et al., Cortical serotonin-S2 receptor binding in Lewy body dementia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. J Neurol Sci1991; 106: 50–55.
64.
64. Howard R, David A, Woodruff P, et al., Seeing visual hallucinations with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord1997; 8: 73–77.
65.
65. Manford M, Andermann F., Complex visual hallucinations. Clinical and neurobiological insights. Brain1998; 121: 1819–1840.
66.
66. Harding AJ, Broe GA, Halliday GM., Visual hallucinations in Lewy body disease relate to Lewy bodies in the temporal lobe. Brain2002; 125: 391–403.
67.
67. Imamura T, Ishii K, Hirono N, et al., Visual hallucinations and regional cerebral metabolism in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Neuroreport1999; 10: 1903–1907.
68.
68. Candy JM, Perry RH, Perry EK, et al., Pathological changes in the nucleus of Meynert in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. J Neurol Sci1983; 59: 277–289.
69.
69. Whitehouse PJ, Hedreen JC, White CL, et al., Basal forebrain neurons in the dementia of Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol1983; 13: 243–248.
70.
70. Gaspar P, Gray F., Dementia in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. A neuropathological study of 32 cases. Acta Neuropathol (Berl)1984; 64: 43–52.
71.
71. Perry EK, Marshall E, Perry RH, et al., Cholinergic and dopaminergic activities in senile dementia of Lewy body type. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord1990; 4: 87–95.
72.
72. Langlais PJ, Thal L, Hansen L, et al., Neurotransmitters in basal ganglia and cortex of Alzheimer's disease with and without Lewy bodies. Neurology1993; 43: 1927–1934.
73.
73. Perry EK, Haroutunian V, Davis KL, et al., Neocortical cholinergic activities differentiate Lewy body dementia from classical Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport1994; 5: 747–749.
74.
74. Piggott MA, Marshall EF, Thomas N, et al., Striatal dopaminergic markers in dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: rostrocaudal distribution. Brain1999; 122: 1449–1468.
75.
75. Suzuki M, Desmond TJ, Albin RL, et al., Striatal monoaminergic terminals in Lewy body and Alzheimer's dementia. Ann Neurol2002; 51: 767–771.
76.
76. Walker Z, Costa DC, Janssen AG, et al., Dementia with Lewy bodies: a study of post-synaptic dopaminergic receptors with iodine-123 iodobenzamide single-photon emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med1997; 24: 609–614.
77.
77. Walker Z, Costa DC, Ince P, et al., In-vivo demonstration of dopaminergic degeneration in dementia with Lewy bodies. Lancet1999; 354: 646–647.
78.
78. Hu XS, Okamura N, Arai H, et al., 18F-fluorodopa PET study of striatal dopamine uptake in the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology2000; 55: 1575–1577.
79.
79. Barber R, McKeith I, Ballard C, et al., Volumetric MRI study of the caudate nucleus in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry2002; 72: 406–407.
80.
80. Kuhl DE, Minoshima S, Fessler JA, et al., In vivo mapping of cholinergic terminals in normal aging, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol1996; 40: 399–410.
81.
81. Kuhl DE, Koeppe RA, Minoshima S, et al., In vivo mapping of cerebral acetylcholinesterase activity in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology1999; 52: 69–699.
82.
82. Herholz K, Bauer B, Wienhard K, et al., In-vivo measurements of regional acetylcholine esterase activity in degenerative dementia: comparison with blood flow and glucose metabolism. J Neural Transm2000; 107: 1457–1468.
83.
83. Dickson DW, Ruan D, Crystal H, et al., Hippocampal degeneration differentiates diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD) from Alzheimer's disease: light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry of CA2–3 neurites specific to DLBD. Neurology1991; 41: 1402–1409.
84.
84. Hansen LA, Masliah E, Quijada-Fawcett S, et al., Entorhinal neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer disease with Lewy bodies. Neurosci Lett1991; 129: 269–272.
85.
85. Ince P, Irving D, MacArthur F, et al., Quantitative neuropathological study of Alzheimer-type pathology in the hippocampus: comparison of senile dementia of Alzheimer type, senile dementia of Lewy body type, Parkinson's disease and nondemented elderly control patients. J Neurol Sci1991; 106: 142–152.
86.
86. Gentleman SM, Williams B, Royston MC, et al., Quantification of beta A4 protein deposition in the medial temporal lobe: a comparison of Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia of the Lewy body type. Neurosci Lett1992; 142: 9–12.
87.
87. Lippa CF, Smith TW, Swearer JM., Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body disease: a comparative clinicopathological study. Ann Neurol1994; 35: 81–88.
88.
88. Wakabayashi K, Honer WG, Masliah E., Synapse alterations in the hippocampal-entorhinal formation in Alzheimer's disease with and without Lewy body disease. Brain Res1994; 667: 24–32.
89.
89. Perry EK, Morris CM, Court JA, et al., Alteration in nicotine binding sites in Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia and Alzheimer's disease: possible index of early neuropathology. Neuroscience1995; 64: 385–395.
90.
90. Hashimoto M, Kitagaki H, Imamura T, et al., Medial temporal and whole-brain atrophy in dementia with Lewy bodies: a volumetric MRI study. Neurology1998; 51: 357–362.
91.
91. Barber R, Ballard C, McKeith IG, et al., MRI volumetric study of dementia with Lewy bodies: a comparison with AD and vascular dementia. Neurology2000; 54: 1304–1309.
92.
92. Harvey GT, Hughes J, McKeith IG, et al., Magnetic resonance imaging differences between dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study. Psychol Med1999; 29: 181–187.
93.
93. Barber R, McKeith IG, Ballard C, et al., A comparison of medial and lateral temporal lobe atrophy in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease: magnetic resonance imaging volumetric study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord2001; 12: 198–205.
94.
94. Galasko D, Saitoh T, Xia Y, et al., The apolipoprotein E allele epsilon 4 is overrepresented in patients with the Lewy body variant of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology1994; 44: 1950–1951.
95.
95. St Clair D, Norrman J, Perry R, et al., Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele frequency in patients with Lewy body dementia, Alzheimer's disease and age-matched controls. Neurosci Lett1994; 176: 45–46.
96.
96. Betard C, Robitaille Y, Gee M, et al., Apo E allele frequencies in Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular disease and vascular dementia. Neuroreport1994; 5: 1893–1896.
97.
97. Hardy J, Crook R, Prihar G, et al., Senile dementia of the Lewy body type has an apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele frequency intermediate between controls and Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett1994; 182: 1–2.
98.
98. Hansen LA, Galasko D, Samuel W, et al., Apolipoprotein-E epsilon-4 is associated with increased neurofibrillary pathology in the Lewy body variant of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett1994; 182: 63–65.
99.
99. Lippa CF, Smith TW, Saunders AM, et al., Apolipoprotein E genotype and Lewy body disease. Neurology1995; 45: 97–103.
100.
100. Benjamin R, Leake A, Ince PG, et al., Effects of apolipoprotein E genotype on cortical neuropathology in senile dementia of the Lewy body type and Alzheimer's disease. Neurodegeneration1995; 4: 443–448.
101.
101. Barber R, Gholkar A, Scheltens P, et al., Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele, temporal lobe atrophy, and white matter lesions in late-life dementias. Arch Neurol1999; 56: 961–965.
102.
102. Forstl H, Burns A, Luthert P, et al., The Lewy-body variant of Alzheimer's disease. Clinical and pathological findings. Br J Psychiatry1993; 162: 385–392.
103.
103. Double KL, Halliday GM, McRitchie DA, et al., Regional brain atrophy in idiopathic Parkinson's disease and diffuse Lewy body disease. Dementia1996; 7: 304–313.
104.
104. Cordato NJ, Halliday GM, Harding AJ, et al., Regional brain atrophy in progressive supranuclear palsy and Lewy body disease. Ann Neurol2000; 47: 718–728.
105.
105. Barber R, Scheltens P, Gholkar A, et al., White matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and normal aging. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1999; 67: 66–72.
106.
106. Barber R, Gholkar A, Scheltens P, et al., MRI volumetric correlates of white matter lesions in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry2000; 15: 911–916.
107.
107. McKeith I, Fairbairn A, Perry R, et al., Neuroleptic sensitivity in patients with senile dementia of Lewy body type. BMJ1992; 305: 673–678.
108.
108. Olichney JM, Galasko D, Salmon DP, et al., Cognitive decline is faster in Lewy body variant than in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology1998; 51: 351–357.
109.
109. Mega MS, Masterman DL, Benson DF, et al., Dementia with Lewy bodies: reliability and validity of clinical and pathologic criteria. Neurology1996; 47: 1403–1409.
110.
110. Walker Z, Stevens T., Dementia with Lewy bodies: clinical characteristics and diagnostic criteria. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol2002; 15: 188–194.
111.
111. Lopez OL, Litvan I, Catt KE, et al., Accuracy of four clinical diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative dementias. Neurology1999; 53: 1292–1299.
112.
112. Luis CA, Barker WW, Gajaraj K, et al., Sensitivity and specificity of three clinical criteria for dementia with Lewy bodies in an autopsy-verified sample. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry1999; 14: 526–533.
113.
113. Verghese J, Crystal HA, Dickson DW, et al., Validity of clinical criteria for the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology1999; 53: 1974–1982.
114.
114. Hohl U, Tiraboschi P, Hansen LA, et al., Diagnostic accuracy of dementia with Lewy bodies. Arch Neurol2000; 57: 347–351.
115.
115. McKeith IG, Ballard CG, Perry RH, et al., Prospective validation of consensus criteria for the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology2000; 54: 1050–1058.
116.
116. Turjanski N, Brooks DJ., PET and the investigation of dementia in the parkinsonian patient. J Neural Transm Suppl1997; 51: 37–48.
117.
117. Ishii K, Imamura T, Sasaki M, et al., Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology1998; 51: 125–130.
118.
118. Barber R, Gholkar A, Scheltens P, et al., Medial temporal lobe atrophy on MRI in dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology1999; 52: 1153–1158.
119.
119. Hof PR, Bouras C, Constantinidis J, et al., Balint's syndrome in Alzheimer's disease: specific disruption of the occipito-parietal visual pathway. Brain Res1989; 493: 368–375.
120.
120. Goethals M, Santens P., Posterior cortical atrophy. Two case reports and a review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg2001; 103: 115–119.
121.
121. Kiyosawa M, Bosley TM, Chawluk J, et al., Alzheimer's disease with prominent visual symptoms. Clinical and metabolic evaluation. Ophthalmology1989; 96: 1077–1085; discussion 1085–1076.
122.
122. Murray AM, Weihmueller FB, Marshall JF, et al., Damage to dopamine systems differs between Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease with parkinsonism. Ann Neurol1995; 37: 300–312.
123.
123. Liu Y, Stern Y, Chun MR, et al., Pathological correlates of extrapyramidal signs in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol1997; 41: 368–374.
