Examine the association between neighborhood poverty histories and physical activity, and the moderation effect of family poverty and the mediation effect of built environments in such association.
Design:
A cross-sectional study of the Geographic Research on Wellbeing (2012-2013), a follow-up survey of statewide-representative Maternal and Infant Health Assessment (2003-2007).
Setting:
California.
Participants:
A total of 2493 women with children.
Measures:
Outcome measures are (1) daily leisure physical activity and (2) days of physical activity among children. An independent variable is poverty histories of census tract where the child resided. Mediators were mother-perceived social cohesion, mother-perceived neighborhood safety, distance to the closest park, and park acreage within 0.5 miles from the home. A moderator is family poverty.
Analysis:
Weighted regression analysis.
Results:
Family poverty was a significant moderator (P < .05); poor children in neighborhoods with long-term moderate poverty, long-term high poverty, or increasing poverty (vs long-term low poverty) had greater odds of daily physical activity (odds ratio [OR] = 1.46, 1.50, 1.66, respectively). Nonpoor children in neighborhoods with long-term moderate poverty or increasing poverty (vs long-term low poverty) were associated with decreased odds of daily physical activity (OR = 0.61 and 0.44, respectively). Mediation associations were insignificant (P > .05).
Conclusion:
The combined effect of family financial strains and neighborhood economic resources might prevent poor children in neighborhoods with long-term low poverty and decreasing poverty from utilizing health-promoting resources in neighborhoods.
BerkeyCSRockettHRFieldAE, et al.Activity, dietary intake, and weight changes in a longitudinal study of preadolescent and adolescent boys and girls. Pediatrics. 2000;105(4):e56.
2.
JanssenIKatzmarzykPTBoyceWF, et al.Comparison of overweight and obesity prevalence in school-aged youth from 34 countries and their relationships with physical activity and dietary patterns. Obes Rev. 2005;6(2):123–132.
3.
KawabeHMurataKShibataH, et al.Participation in school sports clubs and related effects on cardiovascular risk factors in young males. Hypertens Res. 2000;23(3):227–232.
4.
LazzerSBoirieYBitarA, et al.Assessment of energy expenditure associated with physical activities in free-living obese and nonobese adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78(3):471–479.
5.
Deshmukh-TaskarPNicklasTAMoralesMYangSJZakeriIBerensonGS. Tracking of overweight status from childhood to young adulthood: The Bogalusa heart study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(1):48–57.
6.
EngelandABjørgeTTverdalASøgaardAJ. Obesity in adolescence and adulthood and the risk of adult mortality. Epidemiology. 2004;15(1):79–85.
7.
MagareyAMDanielsLABoultonTJCockingtonRA. Predicting obesity in early adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. Int J Obes. 2003;27(4):505–513.
8.
CsábiGTörökKJegesSMolnárD. Presence of metabolic cardiovascular syndrome in obese children. Eur J Pediatr. 2000;159(1-2):91–94.
9.
FranksPWHansonRLKnowlerWC, et al.Childhood obesity, other cardiovascular risk factors, and premature death. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(6):485–493.
10.
FreedmanDSDietzWHSrinivasanSRBerensonGS. The relation of overweight to cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents: the Bogalusa heart study. Pediatrics. 1999;103(6):1175–1182.
11.
FreedmanDSMeiZSrinivasanSRBerensonGSDietzWH. Cardiovascular risk factors and excess adiposity among overweight children and adolescents: the Bogalusa heart study. J Pediatr. 2007;150(1):12–17.
12.
NeoviusMSundströmJRasmussenF. Combined effects of overweight and smoking in late adolescence on subsequent mortality: nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 2009;338:b496.
13.
MorrisonJAFriedmanLAGray-McGuireC. Metabolic syndrome in childhood predicts adult cardiovascular disease 25 years later: the Princeton lipid research clinics follow-up study. Pediatrics. 2007;120(2):340–345.
14.
BakerJLOlsenLWSørensenTI. Childhood body-mass index and the risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(23):2329–2337.
15.
Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report 2008. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2008.
16.
TroianoRPBerriganDDoddKW, et al.Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(1):181–188.
17.
FrederickCBSnellmanKPutnamRD. Increasing socioeconomic disparities in adolescent obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(4):1338–1342.
18.
SallisJFProchaskaJJTaylorWC. A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(5):963–975.
19.
TrostSGSallisJFPateRRPattySFWendellCTMarshaD. Evaluating a model of parental influence on youth physical activity. Am J Prev Med. 2003;25(4):277–282.
20.
StalsbergRPedersenAV. Effects of socioeconomic status on the physical activity in adolescents: a systematic review of the evidence. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20(3):368–383.
21.
SallisJFCerveroRBAscherW, et al.An ecological approach to creating active living communities. Annu Rev Public Health. 2006;27:297–322.
22.
SallisJFGlanzK. The role of built environments in physical activity, eating, and obesity in childhood. Future Child. 2006;16(1):89–108.
23.
Carroll-ScottAGilstad-HaydenKRosenthalL, et al.Disentangling neighborhood contextual associations with child body mass index, diet, and physical activity: the role of built, socioeconomic, and social environments. Soc Sci Med. 2013;95:106–114.
24.
De MeesterFVan DyckDDe BourdeaudhuijI, et al.Active living neighborhoods: Is neighborhood walkability a key element for Belgian adolescents?BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):1–12.
25.
KimJLiuJColabianchiNPateRR. The effect of perceived and structural neighborhood conditions on adolescents’ physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164(10):935–942.
26.
PabayoRBelskyJGauvinLCurtisS. Do area characteristics predict change in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity from ages 11 to 15 years?Soc Sci Med. 2011;72(3):430–438.
27.
JencksCMayerSE. The social consequences of growing up in a poor neighborhood. In: LynnLEMcGearyMGH, eds. Inner-City Poverty in the United States. National Academy Press; 1990:111–186.
28.
MasseyDS. The prodigal paradigm returns: ecology comes back to sociology. In: BoothACrouterAC, eds. Does It Take a Village? Community Effects on Children, Adolescents, and Families. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2001:41–48.
29.
RobertSA.Socioeconomic position and health: the independent contribution of community socioeconomic context 1. Annu Rev Sociol. 1999;25(1):489–516.
30.
ShawCMcKayH. Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. University of Chicago Press; 1942.
31.
FranziniLTaylorWElliottMN, et al.Neighborhood characteristics favorable to outdoor physical activity: disparities by socioeconomic and racial/ethnic composition. Health Place. 2010;16(2):267–274.
32.
SampsonRJRaudenbushSWEarlsF. Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science. 1997;277(5328):918–924.
33.
KawachiIKennedyBP. Socioeconomic determinants of health: health and social cohesion: why care about income inequality?BMJ. 1997;314(7086):1037.
34.
MarmotMWilkinsonRG. Psychosocial and material pathways in the relation between income and health: a response to Lynch et al. BMJ. 2001;322(7296):1233–1236.
35.
FulkersonJASherwoodNEPerryCLNeumark-SztainerDStoryM. Depressive symptoms and adolescent eating and health behaviors: a multifaceted view in a population-based sample. Prev Med. 2004;38(6):865–875.
36.
MotlRWBirnbaumASKubikMYDishmanRK. Naturally occurring changes in physical activity are inversely related to depressive symptoms during early adolescence. Psychosom Med. 2004;66(3):336–342.
37.
WeingerS.Economic status: middle class and poor children’s views. Child Soc. 2000;14(2):135–146.
38.
KantomaaMTTammelinTHNäyhäSTaanilaAM. Adolescents’ physical activity in relation to family income and parents’ education. Prev Med. 2007;44(5):410–415.
39.
BarkleyJESalvySJRoemmichJN. The effect of simulated ostracism on physical activity behavior in children. Pediatrics. 2012;129(3):x26.
40.
Boone-HeinonenJEvensonKRSongYGordon-LarsenP. Built and socioeconomic environments: patterning and associations with physical activity in US adolescents. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010;7(1):45.
41.
FrostSS.Childhood Obesity in Context: Examining the Role of Ecological Factors Related to Childhood Obesity Among West Virginia’s Youth. West Virginia University; 2011.
42.
LaxerREJanssenI. The proportion of youths’ physical inactivity attributable to neighbourhood built environment features. Int J Health Geogr. 2013;12:31.
43.
LeungCWGregorichSELaraiaBAKushiLHYenIH. Measuring the neighborhood environment: associations with young girls’ energy intake and expenditure in a cross-sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010;7(1):52.
44.
LovasiGSJacobsonJSQuinnJW, et al.Is the environment near home and school associated with physical activity and adiposity of urban preschool children?J Urban Health. 2011;88(6):1143–1157.
45.
JanssenIBoyceWFSimpsonKPickettW. Influence of individual-and area-level measures of socioeconomic status on obesity, unhealthy eating, and physical inactivity in Canadian adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(1):139–145.
46.
ParkRBurgessEWMcKenzieRD. The City. University of Chicago Press; 1925.
47.
FischerCSStockmayerGStilesJHoutM. Distinguishing the geographic levels and social dimensions of US metropolitan segregation, 1960–2000. Demography. 2004;41(1):37–59.
48.
MasseyDSFischerMJDickensWTLevyF. The geography of inequality in the United States, 1950-2000 [with comments]. Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs. 2003;1–40.
49.
PapayanisMA.Sex and the revanchist city: zoning out pornography in New York. Environ Plan D. 2000;18(3):341–353.
50.
DoDP.The dynamics of income and neighborhood context for population health: do long-term measures of socioeconomic status explain more of the black/white health disparity than single-point-in-time measures?Soc Sci Med. 2009;68(8):1368–1375.
51.
Margerison-ZilkoCCubbinCJunJ, et al.Beyond the cross-sectional: neighborhood poverty histories and preterm birth. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(6):1174–1180.
52.
AlvaradoSE.The Effect of Neighborhood Context on Obesity and Educational Achievement Among Youth. University of Wisconsin–Madison; 2011.
53.
KimYCubbinC. The role of neighborhood economic context on physical activity among children: evidence from the geographic research on wellbeing (GROW) study. Prev Med. 2017;101:149–155.
54.
CubbinC. Survey methodology of the geographic research on wellbeing (GROW) study. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8(1):1.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
