The purpose of this study was to propose an enjoyment-based motivational framework for shopping behavior research. The effects of shopping enjoyment, perceived time poverty, and selected demographic variables on the amount of time spent shopping among employed customers of a large Midwest retail firm were investigated. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the simultaneous effect of the classification and measurement variables on time spent shopping. The factors affecting time spent shopping were found to be complex and interrelated. Significant main and interaction effects were found for shopping enjoyment, marital status, and age. Shopping enjoyment was positively related to time spent shopping; however, the effect of shopping enjoyment was mediated by marital status. The findings did show that shopping enjoyment is a viable motivational construct influencing time allocation to shopping and provided support for extending traditional utility maximization models to include shopping enjoyment.
Arndt, J., & Grnmo, S. (1977). The time dimension of shopping behavior: Some empirical findings. In W. D. Perreault, Jr. (Ed.), Advances In Consumer Research (pp. 230-235). Atlanta, GA: Association for Consumer Research.
2.
Beatty, S.E., & Smith, S.M. (1987). External search effect: An investigation across several product categories. Journal of Consumer Research, 14, 83-95.
3.
Becker, G. (1965). A theory of the allocation of time. The Economic Journal, 75, 493-517.
4.
Bellenger, D.N., & Korgaonker, P.K. (1980). Profiling the recreational shopper. Journal of Retailing, 56, 77-91.
5.
Bellenger, D.N., Robertson, D.H., & Greenberg, B.A. (1977). Shopping center patronage motives. Journal of Retailing, 53, 29-38.
6.
Blaylock, J.R. (1989). An economic model of grocery shopping frequency . Applied Economics, 21, 843-852.
7.
Blaylock, J.R., & Smallwood, D.M. (1987). Intrahousehold time allocation: The case of grocery shopping. The Journal of Consumer Affairs , 21(2), 183-201.
8.
Boone, L.E., Kurtz, D.M., Johnson, J.C., & Bonno, J.A. (1974). City shoppers and urban identification revisited . Journal of Marketing,38, 67-9.
9.
Carlson, J., & Geiseke, R. (1983). Price search in a product market. Journal of Consumer Research, 9, 357-365.
10.
Carmines, E.G., & Zeller, R.A. (1979). Reliability and validity Assessment. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
11.
Churchill, G.A.Jr. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 64-73.
12.
Claxton, J.O., Fry, J.O., & Portis, B. (1974). A taxonomy of prepurchase information gathering patterns. Journal of Consumer Research, 1, 35-42.
13.
Darden, W.R., & Reynolds, F.D. (1971). Shopping orientations and product usage roles. Journal of Marketing Research, 8, 505-508.
14.
Darden, W.R., & Ashton, D. (1974). Psychographic profiles of patronage preference groups. Journal of Retailing, 50, 99-112.
15.
Donovan, R.J., & Rossiter, J.R. (1982). Store atmosphere: an environmental psychology approach. Journal of Retailing, 58, 34-57.
16.
Doti, J.L., & Sharir, S. (1981). Households' grocery shopping behavior in the short-run: Theory and evidence. Economic Inquiry, 16, 196-208.
17.
Dow, G., & Juster, E.T. (1980). Goods, Satisfaction with Activities, and Well-being. Working paper, Institute for Social Research, Survey Research Center, University of Michigan.
Forsythe, S. (1985). Using women's occupational status as a market segmentation variable. In R. L. King (Ed.), Retailing: Theory and Practice for the 21st Century (Vol. 1, 95-99). Charleston, SC: Academy of Marketing Science.
20.
Fram, E.H., & Axelrod, J. (1990, October). The distressed shopper. American Demographics, pp. 44-45.
21.
Furse, D.H., Punj G.N., & Stewart, D.W. (1984). A typology of individual search strategies among purchasers of new automobiles. Journal of Consumer Research , 10, 417-431.
22.
Hacklander, E. (1978). Do working wives shop differently for food? National Food Review. Economic Research Service: 20-23.
23.
Halvena, W.J., & Holbrook, M.B. (1986). The varieties of consumption experience: Comparing two typologies of emotion in consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 13, 394-404.
24.
Hirchmen, E.C., & Holbrook, M.B. (1982). Hedonic consumption: Emerging concepts, methods and propositions. Journal of Marketing,46, 92-101.
25.
Jarboe, G.R., & McDaniel, C.D. (1987). A profile of browsers in regional shopping malls. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 15 (1), 046-053.
26.
Kaitz, E. (1979). Getting the most from your food dollar. National Food Review, Economic Research Service: 26-29.
27.
Kolodinsky, J. (1990). Time as a direct source of utility: The case of price information search for groceries. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 24(1), 89-109.
28.
Lesser, J., & Forsythe, S.M. (1989). Antecedents and consequences of the intrinsic motivation to shop. Psychological Reports , 64, 1183-1191.
29.
Linder, S. (1970). The Harried Leisure Class, New York, NY: Columbia University.
30.
Loudon, D.L., & Della Bitta, A.J. (1988). Consumer Behavior: Concepts and Applications. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
31.
Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
32.
Park, C.W., Iyer, E.S., & Smith, D.C. (1989). The effects of situational factors on in-store grocery shopping behavior: The role of store environment and time available for shopping. Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 422-433.
33.
Riche, M.F. (1985). The importance of the arts. American Demographics, p. 42.
34.
Rizkalla, A.R. (1988). Consumer temporal orientation & shopping behavior: The case of harried vs. relaxed consumers. In R. L. King (Ed.), Retailing: Its Present and Future, Charleston, SC: Academy of Marketing Science, (4: 230- 235.)
35.
Robinson, J.P. (1989, July). Time's up. American Demographics , pp. 33-35.
36.
Sherman, E., & Smith, R.B. (1986). Mood states of shoppers and store image: Promising interactions and possible behavioral effects. In M. Wallendorf and P. Anderson (Eds.), Advances in Consumer Research (p. 13), Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research.
37.
Stone, G.P. (1954). City shoppers and urban identification: observation on the social psychology of city life.American Journal of Sociology, 60, 36-45.
38.
Tauber, E.M. (1972). Why do people shop?Journal of Marketing,15: 36: 46-49.
39.
Unmesh, U.N., Pettit, K.L., & Bozman, C.S. (1989). Shopping model of the time-sensitive consumer . Decision Sciences, 21, 715-729.
40.
U.S. Department of Commerce (1980). Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards. Standard Occupational Classification Manual, 10.
41.
Westbrook, R.A., & Fornell, C. (1979). Patterns of information source usage among durable goods buyers. Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 303-312.
42.
Woodside, A.G. (1973). Patronage motives and marketing strategies. Journal of Retailing, 49, 35-44.
43.
Zeithaml, V.A. (1985). The new demographics and market fragmentation . Journal of Marketing,49, 64-75.
